Anatomy Physiology Disease An Interactive Journey for Health

Anatomy, Physiology & Disease An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Fourth Edition CHAPTER 11 The Senses: The Sights and Sounds

Multimedia Directory Slide Slide Slide Slide 31 41 54 62 63 64 65 66 75 93 95 100 101 Eye Anatomy Animation Macular Degeneration Video Eye Assessment Video Middle Ear Animation Adolescent Ear Animation Child's Ear Animation Otoscopic Exam on Toddler Video Tympanometry Video Tympanic Membrane Temperature Video Heat Therapy Video Cold Therapy Video Pain Perception Video Selected Pain Scales Video Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Multimedia Directory Slide Slide Slide Slide 112 119 128 130 133 139 140 141 142 144 145 156 Cataracts Video Conjunctivitis Video Administering Ophthalmic Medications Video Otoscopic Exams Video Otitis Media Video Ophthalmic Drops Video Otic Drops Video Ophthalmic Medication Video Eye Irrigation Video Otic Medication Video Ear Irrigation Video Audiology Video Audiologists Video Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Multimedia Directory Slide 157 Ophthalmologists and Opticians Video Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Introduction • All of input from environment must be taken in by senses and interpreted by brain so you can understand appreciate experience • Senses that gather sensory input are also protective in nature and need to be highly integrated with quick response nervous system for our survival Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Learning Objectives • Differentiate between general and special senses • Describe the internal and external anatomy and functions of the eye • Describe the internal and external anatomy and functions of the ear • Discuss the process involved with the senses of taste, smell, and touch Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Learning Objectives • Contrast the types of pain and the pain response • Explain several common disorders of the eyes, ears, and senses Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pronunciation Guide amblyopia anesthesia aqueous humor auricle cataract cerumen ceruminous glands choroid ciliary muscles cochlea (am blee OH pee ah) (an ess THEE zee ah) (AY kwee us HYOO mer) (AW rih kul) (KAT ah rakt) (seh ROO men us) (KOH royd) (SILL ee air ee) (KOHK lee ah) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pronunciation Guide conjunctiva conjunctivitis endolymph Eustachian tubes external auditory meatus glaucoma gustatory sense hyperopia incus iris (KON junk TIE vah) (kon JUNK tih VYE tis) (EN doe limf) (yoo STAY she ehn) (AW dih tor ee mee AY tus) (glaw KOH mah) (GUSS ta tore ee) (HIGH per OH pee ah) (ING kuss) (EYE riss) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pronunciation Guide labyrinthitis lacrimal apparatus malleus Ménière's disease myopia nyctalopia ossicle otitis media perilymph (LAB ih rinth) (LAB in rinn THYE tiss) (LAK rim al app ah RA tus) (MALL ee us) (MAIN ee AIRZ) (my OH pee ah) (nik tah LOH pee ah (AH sih kel) (oh TYE tiss ME dee ah) (per ih LIMF) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pronunciation Guide photopigments pinna presbycusis presbyopia pupil retina sclera stapes strabismus tactile corpuscles (FOE toe pig ments) (PINN ah) (prez be KYOO sus) (PRESS bee OH pee ah) (PYOO pill) (RETT in ah) (SKLAIR ah) (STAY peez) (strah BIZ mus) (KOR pus elz) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pronunciation Guide tinnitus tympanic membrane vestibule chamber vestibulocochlear vitreous humor (tinn EYE tus) (tihm PAN ick) (VESS tih byool) (VESS tih byoo loh KOHK lee are) (VITT ree us HYOO mer) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Different Senses • Our senses allow us to experience all aspects of our journey, allowing us to see, hear, smell, taste, feel the world around us Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Different Senses • Senses enable us to monitor and detect changes in environment, sending this information to brain via sensory (afferent) neurons • Brain interprets information and makes appropriate motor (efferent) response Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Different Senses • Senses of sight, hearing and balance, sound, taste, and smell referred to as special senses • Other senses scattered throughout body referred to as general senses; sensation of heat, cold, pain, nausea, hunger, thirst, and pressure of touch Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Different Senses • Cutaneous senses include receptors of skin (touch, heat, cold, and pain) • Visceral senses include nausea, hunger, thirst, and need to urinate and defecate • One controversial sense is extrasensory perception, meaning outside normal sensory perception; there is still debate over whether this sense exists Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Sense of Sight • Eye has many similarities to a camera; light rays from image you view pass through pupil, and then through lens, where they are focused by retina • Iris allows right amount of light to enter the eye for proper focusing Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

External Structures of Eye • Lacrimal glands secrete tears to help keep eye clean • Orbit (orbital cavity): cone-shaped cavity formed by skull that houses and protects eyeball; cavity is padded with fatty tissue that acts as cushion to prevent injury Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

External Structures of Eye • Six short muscles connect eyeball to orbit, and allow rotary movement so you can see in all directions Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

External Structures of Eye • Eyelids close over eye to protect it from intense light, foreign particles, or impact injury • Eyelashes in eyelid help to prevent large particles from entering eye • Eyelids contain sebaceous glands that secrete sebum to keep eyelids soft, pliable, and slightly sticky to trap particles Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

External Structures of Eye • Conjunctiva is membrane over surface of eyeball that acts as protective covering for exposed surface • Lacrimal apparatus produces and stores tears and contains lacrimal gland its corresponding ducts • Lacrimal gland produces tears, spread by blinking, for cleaning and lubrication; tears act as antiseptic Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -1 External and lacrimal structures of the eye. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Internal Structures of Eye • Globe-shaped eyeball is organ of vision and is separated into two chambers of fluid that help to protect eye • "Fluids of the eye" are called humors – Aqueous humor: "watery" and bathes iris, pupil, lens and fills anterior and posterior chambers – Vitreous humor: clear jellylike fluid that occupies entire eye cavity behind lens Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Eye Layers • Sclera – Outermost layer and is tough, fibrous tissue that serves as protective shield – Contains cornea, which is transparent to allow light to pass through and curved to bend entering light to focus it on retina Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Eye Layers • Choroid – Highly vascularized and pigmented region that provides nourishment to eye – Middle layer, containing iris and pupil – Iris is colored portion of eye Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Eye Layers • Choroid – Iris is sphincter that controls opening (pupil) where light passes into eye – In low light, sphincter relaxes, allowing pupil to dilate so more light can enter Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Eye Layers • Retina – Innermost layer; contains nerve endings that receive and interpret rays of light – Lens: located behind iris and pupil is elastic, discshaped, biconvex crystalline structure Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Eye Layers • Retina – When light enters eye, it is refracted by lens – Light rays enter eye and pass through conjunctival membrane, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor and are focused on retina Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -2 The internal structures of the eye. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Table 11 -1 Structures and Functions of the Eye Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Eye Anatomy Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the eye anatomy. The animation may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Stye (hordeolum): abscess that forms at base of eyelash due to infection of sebaceous gland. – Result of bacterial infections – Red, swollen, painful; resemble acne pimples. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Conjunctivitis: inflammation of membrane that lines eye – Sometimes called pinkeye because it is characterized by red, swollen eyes Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Conjunctivitis: inflammation of membrane that lines eye – Possible causes § Irritants (fumes or onions) § Pathogens (viruses or bacteria); examples: Staphylococcus aureus, acute infection; Chlamydia trachomatis, tends to cause more chronic infection (trachoma) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Conjunctivitis: inflammation of membrane that lines eye – Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are highly contagious Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Cataract: clouding of lens – Possible causes § Congenital defects § Trauma § Aging § Increased exposure to sunlight may also speed up the development of cataracts Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Cataract: clouding of lens – Untreated, can lead to blindness – Typical treatment: surgery; cataract surgery was one of earliest recorded surgical procedures, dating back to ancient Greece Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Glaucoma: increased pressure in fluid of eye; interferes with optic nerve function – Vision gradually deteriorates § Peripheral vision is reduced first § Eventually, tunnel vision develops § Blindness can eventually develop Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Glaucoma – Epidemiology § Occurs in 20% of adults over age 40 § Accounts for 15% of blindness in America – Can be easily diagnosed – Treatments include medication and surgery Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Macular degeneration: condition that causes loss of central vision (peripheral vision is unaffected) – Two forms § Atrophic (dry): has no cure § Exudative (hemorrhagic): can be improved slightly with argon laser therapy Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Macular Degeneration Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of macular degeneration. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Retinopathy: irreversible damage to retina – Can be caused by systemic diseases like hypertension or diabetes mellitus – Can result in vision impairment or blindness Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Defects that impair vision – Hyperopia (farsightedness): when eye cannot focus properly on nearby objects; glasses using convex lenses used to correct hyperopia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Defects that impair vision – Presbyopia: farsightedness that occurs with age, usually between 40 and 45 years; lens becomes stiff and yellowish § Sensitive to glare that can impair nighttime driving abilities; corrective lenses (bifocals) used to treat presbyopia Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Defects that impair vision – Myopia (nearsightedness): causes objects at distance to appear blurred § Glasses with concave lenses correct myopia by refocusing focal point backward and onto retina Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Defects that impair vision – Amblyopia (lazy eye) § Occurs in childhood § Causes poor vision in one eye because one eye does more work than the other – Diplopia: brain perceives two images; person affected has double vision § May be result of nonocular disease § Eye patch, corrective lenses, or surgery Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Defects that impair vision – Strabismus: one eye misaligned due to inability of muscles in one eye to coordinate movement with other eye § Children affected due to congenital defect – Nyctalopia: degeneration of retina; difficulty seeing at night or in dim light § Often caused by vitamin A deficiency; vitamin A needed to make photopigments in rod cells Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Corrective vision options – Eyeglasses – Contact lenses – Refractive eye surgery; radial keratotomy (RK) – In situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Defects that impair vision – Red-green color blindness § Inability to distinguish between colors red and green § Caused by genetic defect carried on X chromosome; causes more men to get disorder § Diagnosed with colored figures that require patients to distinguish between various colors Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -3 A comparison on near- and farsightedness. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -4 Ishihara charts to determine color blindness. Can you see the number? Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Using eyes to diagnose nonvisual diseases – Yellow tint to conjunctiva (jaundice) can indicate liver disease – Neurological assessment called PERLA (pupils equal, reactive to light and accommodation) used to assess brain injury Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Disorders of the Eyes • Using eyes to diagnose nonvisual diseases – Rapid eye movement (REM) is stage of sleep and can be measured in sleep studies to help diagnose sleep disorders Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Eye Assessment Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of eye assessment. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Sense of Hearing • Ear responsible for hearing and maintaining equilibrium, or sense of balance • We hear by receiving sound vibrations, usually via air, and translating them into interpretable sound via vestibulocochlear nerve Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Sense of Hearing • Ear can be separated into three divisions: – External; middle (tympanic cavity); internal ear (labyrinth) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -5 Structures of the ear. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Sense of Hearing • External ear is outer projection, part we can see, called pinna or auricle – Includes canal leading into middle ear, called auditory canal or external auditory meatus – Canal contains ear wax called cerumen, secreted by ceruminous glands to lubricate and protect ear – At end of canal is ear drum, or tympanic membrane, where external ear ends Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Sense of Hearing • Middle ear, or tympanic cavity, is a space that contains three small bones, or ossicles – Ossicles are joined so they can amplify sound waves tympanic membrane receives from external ear – Once amplified, sound waves are transmitted to fluid in the internal ear Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Sense of Hearing • Bones of ear are named for their shape – Hammer, or malleus, is attached to tympanic membrane – Anvil, or incus, is attached to hammer – Stirrup, or stapes, connects to membrane called oval window that begins inner ear – Ossicles can amplify sound up to 22 times original level Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Sense of Hearing • Eustachian tubes allow for air pressure on either side of eardrum to be equalized – Tubes connect nose and throat to middle ear – This equalizing of pressure allows eardrum to freely vibrate with incoming sound waves – Sudden pressure changes, like flying in airplane, can affect area Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Middle Ear Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the middle ear. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Adolescent Ear Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the adolescent ear. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Child's Ear Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the child's ear. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Otoscopic Exam on Toddler Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of otoscopic exams on toddlers. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Tympanometry Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of tympanometry. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Ear Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of eye anatomy. The animation may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Sense of Hearing • Oval window is portal into inner ear • Inner ear divided into three separate, hollow, bony spaces that form a maze, or labyrinth; as a result, area can also be called bony labyrinth • Three areas are: – Cochlea – Vestibule chamber – Semicircular canals Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Sense of Hearing • Cochlea is bony spiral or snail shellshaped entrance to internal ear – Is connected to oval window membrane – Contains fluid called perilymph that helps transmit sound through this area – Sound then transmitted to another section of cochlea which contains another fluid, endolymph Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Sense of Hearing • Cochlea is bony spiral or snail shellshaped entrance to internal ear – Sound then carried to tiny hairlike receptors that pick up vibrations of fluid and conduct signal to brain via vestibulocochlear nerve Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

The Sense of Hearing • Ear also responsible for sense of balance or equilibrium – Semicircular canals process sensory input related to equilibrium; three loops within inner ear that help maintain balance – Like cochlea, they are filled with endolymphatic fluid; each canal duct contains sensory receptor Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -6 The internal structure of the cochlea. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Table 11 -2 Structures and Functions of the Ear Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -7 The steps in the hearing process. 1) Sound waves enter the outer ear and travel through the ear canal. 2) Sound waves vibrate the ear drum. 3) The vibrations now vibrate the auditory ossicles in the middle ear. 4) Pressure waves created by stapes transfer to the oval window causing cochlea fluid to vibrate hairlike nerve cells. 5) Vibrations travel through the cochlear duct. 6) Signals travel to the brain's auditory center via the auditory nerves. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Tympanic Membrane Temperature Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on tympanic membrane thermometer measurements. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Diseases of the Ear • Deafness – Can be partial or complete – Possible causes include: § Inflammation and scarring of the tympanic membrane § Auditory nerve damage § Brain damage Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Diseases of the Ear • External otitis – Also called “swimmer's ear” – Infection caused by bacteria and/or fungi – Symptoms: pain, fever, temporary hearing loss Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Diseases of the Ear • External otitis – Can be contracted from contaminated swimming pools and beaches – Can be prevented by: § Cleaning and drying ear after swimming § Wearing earplugs Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Diseases of the Ear • Otitis media – Acute infection of middle ear (caused by bacteria or virus) – Commonly seen in infants and children – Usually associated with cold or other upper respiratory infection (URI) – Symptoms: pain, edema, and pus; in some cases can perforate tympanic membrane (eardrum) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Diseases of the Ear • Otitis media – Treatment: first treated with antibiotics – If recurrent and chronic in nature, doctors perform myringotomy, a surgical procedure during which tiny tubes inserted through tympanic membrane to relieve pressure Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Diseases of the Ear • Otitis media – Sinus infection (sinusitis) can spread to ear infection and vice versa – Mastoiditis can potentially lead to brain infections Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Diseases of the Ear • Labyrinthitis: inflammation of inner ear – Caused by infection – Results in vertigo: feeling of dizziness or whirling in space • Ménière's disease – Chronic condition that affects labyrinth and leads to progressive hearing loss and vertigo Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Diseases of the Ear • Otosclerosis – Chronic, progressive middle ear disorder; excess bone growth in middle ear – Hereditary disease; eventually affects both ears – Treated by stapedectomy surgery Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Diseases of the Ear • Tinnitus: ringing, roaring, buzzing, hissing, or even clicking sound in ears – Possible causes include: § Chronic exposure to loud noises § Ménière's disease; old age hearing loss (presbycusis) § Stress, depression Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pathology Connection: Diseases of the Ear • Tinnitus: ringing, roaring, buzzing, hissing, or even clicking sound in ears – Possible causes include: § Some medications § Wax buildup § Various disturbances to auditory nerve Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Other Senses • Sense of taste is referred to as gustatory sense – Taste (buds) receptors located on tongue – Taste buds detect five tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory taste of glutamates often found in Asian cuisine) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Other Senses • Sense of taste is referred to as gustatory sense – Taste preferences change with body's needs – Refinement of our food taste is primarily dependent on our sense of smell Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -8 The sense of taste. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Other Senses • Sense of smell arises from receptors located in olfactory region or upper part of nasal cavity – We “sniff” to bring smell into area where it can be interpreted – Taste and smell are closely related, and pleasant food odors stimulate digestive enzymes Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Other Senses • Rhinitis – Causes inflammation of mucous membranes that line nasal passage; characterized by congestion and drainage – Develops in response to body's release of histamine – Caused by viral and bacterial infections, allergies, harsh odors, and use of certain illegal drugs (cocaine) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -9 The sense of smell. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Other Senses • Touch receptors are small rounded bodies (tactile corpuscles) located in skin; especially concentrated in fingertips and tip of tongue – Temperature sensors located in skin, with separate sensors for heat and cold – Adaptation: continued sensory stimulation causes sensors to desensitize or adapt Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -11 The sense of touch Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Heat Therapy Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of heat therapy. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Cold Therapy Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of cold therapy. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Other Senses • Pain is very important protective sense; body's way of making us pay attention to danger – Pain is most widely distributed sense, found in skin, muscle, joints, and internal organs – Pain receptors are merely branching of nerve fibers called free nerve endings or nociceptors Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Other Senses • Pain – Referred pain: originates in internal organ and is felt in another region of skin; example: liver and gallbladder pain may be felt in right shoulder – Phantom pain: felt in area that no longer exists; example: pain felt after amputation Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -10 Various sites of referred pain. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Other Senses • Pain – Pain receptors do not adapt and you feel pain as long as stimulus is there, unless patient is under anesthesia – Interesting debate is whether or not some people have higher or lower thresholds of pain Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pain Perception Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on perception of pain. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Selected Pain Scales Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of selected pain scales. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Other Senses • Proprioception is sense of body orientation – Examples: ability to point to body part with eyes closed; ability to know arm is raised without seeing it – Proprioreceptors found in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear; they help with maintaining equilibrium Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Other Senses • Proprioception is sense of body orientation – Motion sickness results from excessive stimulation of equilibrium receptors in the ear Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Astigmatism – Etiology: alteration in shape of cornea; becomes more oblong or football shaped than spherical; usually hereditary but can result from eye injury – Signs and symptoms: blurred vision, eye strain, headaches Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Astigmatism – Diagnostic tests: eye exam to view shape of cornea – Treatment: unless extreme, can be treated with eyeglasses or contact lenses; if extreme, refractive eye surgery Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Amblyopia (lazy eye) – Etiology: eye trauma or strong refractive error (nearsightedness or farsightedness); generally develops in young children – Signs and symptoms: squinting or completely closing one eye to see, poor vision, eyestrain, and headaches Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Amblyopia (lazy eye) – Diagnostic tests: history and eye exam – Treatment: patching stronger eye to force weaker eye to function better, atropine eye drops, correcting refractive problems or surgery Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Blepharitis – Etiology: inflammation of eyelids usually caused by bacterial infection – Signs and symptoms: eye irritation, burning, tearing, dryness, and foreign body irritation Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Blepharitis – Diagnostic tests: history and eye exam – Treatment: warm compresses, cleansing eyes, antibiotic, artificial tears, and sometimes steroids Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Cataracts – Etiology: clouding of lens usually caused by protein clumping together as we age; cause unknown but excessive UV light exposure suspected; diabetics at higher risk; Frequently occurs in people over 70 – Signs and symptoms: pain, gradual blurring and loss of vision Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Cataracts – Diagnostic tests: eye exam – Treatment: early stages, glasses or magnification aids may help; surgery indicated when vision is seriously impaired Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Cataracts Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of cataracts. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Color blindness – Etiology: not really blindness at all, but a genetic disorder that causes deficiency in the way we see color; red-green color deficiency most common form; caused by retinal cells inability to respond to certain colors; usually hereditary and more common in males; aging and disease can also cause Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Color blindness – Signs and symptoms: difficulty distinguishing red from green or blue from yellow Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Color blindness – Diagnostic tests: Ishihara plates – Treatment: no cure but needs to be recognized early to prevent developmental issues Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -4 Ishihara charts to determine color blindness. Can you see the number? Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Conjunctivitis (pinkeye) – Etiology: inflammation of conjunctiva membrane caused by bacteria, viral, or allergies – Signs and symptoms: pinkish eye, discharge, excessive eye watering, pain, and itching – Diagnostic tests: history, eye exam, and culture and sensitivity Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Conjunctivitis (pinkeye) – Treatment: avoidance of cause and infection precautions; warm compresses; antibiotic eye drops for bacterial infections and antihistamines for allergic forms Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Conjunctivitis Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of conjunctivitis. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Diabetic retinopathy – Etiology: high blood sugar damages blood vessels in eyes; later stages can have new blood vessel growth over retina, which can cause scar tissue and lead to retinal detachment; if untreated can cause blindness – Signs and symptoms: floaters, double vision, fluid leakage and swelling Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Diabetic retinopathy – Diagnostic tests: fluorescein angiography; contrast dye is injected and blood flow to retina is then assessed – Treatment: laser photocoagulation to seal leaking blood vessels and destroy new growth; some drugs helpful in early stages; may be prevented by good blood sugar control Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Dry eye syndrome – Etiology: chronic lack of eye lubrication and moisture due to lack of tear production; can be part of aging process, side effect of medications, climate related (dry, dusty or windy), long term contact use, lack of blinking or certain disease state; more common in women; smoking increases risk Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Eye • Dry eye syndrome – Signs and symptoms: dryness, scratchiness, and burning – Diagnostic tests: history and eye exam – Treatment: avoid irritating cause; when prevention or cure not possible, artificial tears (lubricating eye drops) can alleviate symptoms Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -12 Some common eye disorders. A. Conjunctivitis (“pinkeye”). (Source: Levent Konuk/ Shutterstock. com. ) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -12 (continued) Some common eye disorders. B. Cataract of right eye. (Source: Losevsky Pavel/Shutterstock. com. ) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -12 (continued) Some common eye disorders. C. Stye. (Source: Losevsky Pavel/Shutterstock. com. ) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Figure 11 -12 (continued) Some common eye disorders. D. A conjunctival hemorrhage of the right eye of this patient with infectious mononucleosis. (Courtesy: CDC/Dr. Thomas F. Sellers/Emory University. ) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Administering Ophthalmic Medications Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of administering ophthalmic medication. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Ear • External otitis (swimmer's ear) – Etiology: commonly caused by infection from water contaminated by bacteria or fungi – Signs and symptoms: pain, fever, and temporary hearing loss – Diagnostic tests: visual ear exam – Treatment: prevention by cleaning and drying external ear after swimming or by wearing earplugs Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Otoscopic Exams Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of otoscopic exams. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Ear • Otitis media – Etiology: acute infection of middle ear, caused by bacteria or virus; associated with upper respiratory infection (URI), such as a cold – Signs and symptoms: pain, edema, pus; if left untreated can perforate tympanic membrane; potential for invasion of nearby mastoid process leading to mastoiditis Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Ear • Otitis media – Diagnostic tests: otoscopic examination – Treatment: treatment underlying infection; use of antibiotics if identified as bacterial infection Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Otitis Media Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of otitis media. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Ear • Labyrinthitis – Etiology: inflammation of inner ear usually caused by infection – Signs and symptoms: vertigo; feeling of dizziness or whirling in space – Diagnostic tests: patient history, and radiologic studies – Treatment: antivert class drugs, and in many cases Benadryl™ has been successful Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Ear • Ménière's disease – Etiology: chronic condition that affects the labyrinth – Signs and symptoms: progressive hearing loss, tinnitis, and vertigo – Diagnostic tests: patient history and exam; audiologic and radiologic exams – Treatment: diuretics to “dry” out the labyrinth; decrease caffeine consumption Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Common Diseases of the Ear • Tinnitus – Etiology: can occur as result of chronic exposure to loud noises, Ménière's disease, some medications, wax buildup or various disturbances to the auditory nerve – Signs and symptoms: ringing in ears – Diagnostic tests: history – Treatment: eliminate loud noises Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pharmacology Corner • Drugs that affect eyes – Mydriatic agents: dilate pupils; example: atropine § Used to help examine inner parts of eye § After exam, patients need to wear sunglasses because pupil cannot react to bright light until drug wears off Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pharmacology Corner • Drugs that affect eyes – Miotic agents: constrict pupils; example: narcotic drugs; sometimes constriction is so tight that pupils look like pin points – Topical antibiotics (drops and salve): used for eye infections Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Ophthalmic Drops Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on ophthalmic medications and their delivery. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Otic Drops Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on administering otic drops. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Ophthalmic Medication Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on administering ophthalmic medication. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Eye Irrigation Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of eye irrigation. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Pharmacology Corner • Ear medications – Topical antibiotics: used for infections – Topical anesthetics: can be used for severe ear pain • Drugs for motion sickness – Antivert™: affects neural pathways that originate in labyrinth – Inhibits nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Otic Medication Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of otic medications. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Ear Irrigation Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of ear irrigation. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Snapshots from the Journey • Sense of sight, sound and equilibrium, taste, and smell are called special senses; other senses such as touch, heat, cold, and pain are referred to as general senses • Eye is very similar to camera with lens cover (eyelids), opening (pupil), shutter (iris), lens (eye lens), and photoreceptive film (retina) Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Snapshots from the Journey • Light rays enter eye and pass through conjunctival membrane, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, and vitreous humor, and focus on retina • Photoreceptors in retina cause chemical impulse to be sent to optic nerve, which carries it to brain for interpretation we call vision Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Snapshots from the Journey • Ear is organ for hearing and maintaining our sense of balance • Ear has three major divisions: external, middle, and inner ear • Sound waves enter external canal and vibrate the eardrum, or tympanic membrane • Middle ear amplifies sound through receptive tiny bones, or ossicles Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Snapshots from the Journey • Stapes (last ossicle) vibrates and causes gentle pumping against oval window membrane, causing cochlear fluid (perilymph) to move and transmit sound to endolymph, and then to small hairlike nerves, eventually reaching hearing centers in brain where sound is interpreted. The semicircular canals are responsible for maintaining body balance. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Snapshots from the Journey • Sense of taste (gustatory sense) has traditionally had four tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter; sense of taste originates in taste buds on tongue and is closely associated with sense of smell. Umami has now been added as a fifth taste Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Snapshots from the Journey • Sense of smell arises from olfactory region of nose • Sense of touch allows us to perceive pain, temperature, pressure, traction, and sensation of being “tickled” Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Case Study: Maria's Story • Maria, a diabetic, has been going through a period of high stress and has been poorly monitoring her diabetes. She has noticed increasing visual problems and often sees specks floating in her visual field. Twice she had double vision episodes. Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Case Study: Maria's Story • What should Maria's action plan include to get her back on track? • What could be the cause of the visual disturbances, and what should she do about them? Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Case Study: Maria's Story • What structures of the eye are affected, and why? • Ultimately what eye disease(s) can Maria expect if she does not control her diabetes? Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Audiology Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of audiology. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Audiologists Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of audiologists. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee

Ophthalmologists and Opticians Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of ophthalmologists and opticians. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology & Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals , 4 e Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff J. Ankney • Karen Lee