The Philosophical Journey An Interactive Approach 6 th

The Philosophical Journey: An Interactive Approach, 6 th Edition By Dr. William Lawhead Slides prepared by Dr. Lee Walton, Wallace State Community College Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Ethics 2

Ethical Dilemmas 3

Click picture https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Z 7 RTyk. OCcu. I 4

Gyges’ Ring ***Read and discuss p 408 STOP AND THINK 5

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What about Motives? Describe a situation where a person intends evil but it turns out good. Describe a situation where a person intends goo but it turns out evil. Do motives (intention) matter? Do consequences matter? 7

What about Consequences? 8

Questionnaire p 420 9

Why Be Moral? Glaucon's question again Why does society need morality? Why should I be moral? Hobbes Morality and law protect society Motivation for individual? 10

Why Be Moral? Religious answers Because God commands it Out of love for God Plato: self-interest in keeping spiritual health “Because it's right” 11

Theories of Ethics-1 1. Ethical relativism 2. Ethical objectivism 3. 4. 5. 6. Ethical egoism Utilitarianism Kantian ethics Virtue ethics 12

Consider… What is right for you may not be right for me. What I think is right is not necessarily what you think is right. An action be right for me but wrong for you. A moral principle can be correct for me but not necessarily for you. 13

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Diff’rent Strokes https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=W 0 CYJNw 9 YJQ 15

Everyday when you're walking down the street And everybody that you meet Has an original point of view And I say HEY! (HEY!) What a wonderful kind of day. If you can learn to work and play And get along with each other You got to listen to your heart Listen to the beat Listen to the rhythm The rhythm of the street Open up your eyes Open up your ears Get together and make things better By working together! It's a simple message and it comes from the heart Believe in yourself (in yourself) cause that's the place to start (to start) And I say HEY! (HEY!) What a wonderful kind of day If we can learn to work and play And get along with each other. Hey what a wonderful kind of day hey! Now, the world don't move to the beat of just one drum, What might be right for you, may not be right for some. A man is born, he's a man of means. Then along come two, they got nothing but their jeans. But they got, Diff'rent Strokes. It takes, Diff'rent Strokes to move the world. Everybody's got a special kind of story Everybody finds a way to shine, It don't matter that you got, not alot, So what, They'll have theirs, and you'll have yours, and I'll have mine. And together we'll be fine. . But they got, Diff'rent Strokes. It takes, Diff'rent Strokes to move the world. http: //www. lyricsmania. com/diffrent_strokes_lyrics_tv_themes. html http: //artists. letssingit. com/arthur-lyrics-arthur-theme-songjtztpj 9#axzz 3 r. JBo. J 9 n. R 16

Do we create popculture or does pop culture create us? 17

It’s for a greater good. 18

#1 Ethical Relativism Defined: Morality is relative to each person Sartre “If there is no God, all things are permissible”…therefore… each person must create his/her own morality. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=i 2 h 5 Mv. Tk. Ob M 19

Defined: Morality is relative to each society Herodotus- Read John Ladd Diversity thesis Dependency thesis 20

#2 Ethical Objectivism Defined: Certain moral principles are universal and objective Absolutism: principles can never be overridden Discuss Problems with relativism? Is there a core morality? 21

James Rachels Read article. 436 -442 For each subheading write a 2 -3 sentence summary and 1 question. You may read this together and develop summaries/questions as a group. 22

Relativism vs Objectivism Project Read Strengths and Weaknesses: 431 -433, 443 Create a visual demonstrating the case for each view Example: Ethical Objectivism Ethical Relativism Pros Cons Picture 23

#3 Ethical Egoism Defined: people should always do what is in their self-interest Answer “Stop and Think” on 446 -447 24

Nietzsche and Rand Spotlight 448 Pg 449 and “Stop and Think” 25

Arguments for Universal Ethical Egoism-1 Egoism Is the ultimate ethical principle Ayn Rand's Objectivism The Virtue of Selfishness Egoism and the conflict of interests https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=HCHu 1 E 0 ca 4 E https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=013 Or. Tbv. Fb. Q 26

Analysis If a person has a moral obligation to perform an action, it must be possible. If a person is able to do it, the action will follow the laws of human motivation. So, if there is a moral obligation, the action will follow the laws of human motivation. Any action that follows the laws of human motivation is an action done to maximize one’s own self interest. Therefore moral obligations must maximize one’s selfintetrest. 27

28 https: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Superman_in_Red_Son. png https: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/Superman. Ross. png

Arguments for Universal Ethical Egoism #2 Egoism leads to the best society Adam Smith CAPITALISM vs Communism 29

Pros and Cons Read 459 -460 After reading… Choose the best argument in FAVOR of Ethical Egoism. Why did you choose this? Choose the best argument OPPOSED to Ethical Egoism. Why did you choose this? Which has a stronger case overall? 30

Share with neighbor- 2 min 31

= Sorry, but torturing you will save millions of babies. 32

#4 Utilitarianism Defined: the right action is that which produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number 33

Bentham’s Utilitarianism https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=uvmz 5 E 75 ZIA Summarize Utilitarianism Can you find any problems with it? Can you come up with a scenario in which it would not work? https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u. GDk 23 Q 0 S 9 E Explain two problems with Utilitarianism. Think of another scenario. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Mo. Cu. Va 9 Ue. R 4 What is the Utility Monster? How are you like a Utility monster? 34

Problem: Define happiness Is it pleasure? Money? Health? Comfort? Relaxation? Is it something else? In a Utilitarian framework would your definition of happiness change moral decisions? 35

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Give the money to fight cancer- Consequentialism- Consequences determine Keep it- Ethical Egoist Give it to nephew- Deontological Ethics- DUTY 37

Case #1 38

Case #2 39

Case #3 = Sorry, but torturing you will save millions of babies. 40

Case #4 41

#5 Themes of Kantian Ethics 1. Irrelevance of consequences in determining moral rightness 2. consistency 3. Irreducible dignity and worth of every person 4. Necessity of having moral absolutes https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=F 6 UQLi. HB 0 k 0 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=N 4 Zg. QI 3 nrms 42

Categorical Imperative Read 488 Define the Categorical Imperative. Is this the same as Utilitarianism? How is it different? 43

Application 1. Never say I love you to someone unless they say it too you first. 2. Always charge less than your competitor. 3. Never help someone unless you get something in return. 4. Share with the less fortunate. 5. Give all your money to the less fortunate. 6. Cheat whenever possible. 7. Never cheat. 44

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#6 Virtue Ethics Leading Questions-496 -497 The problems with the utilitarian view The problems with the Kantian view https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=VFPBf 1 AZOQ g 47

The Positive Case for Virtue Ethics-1 1. Virtues are necessary conditions for human flourishing and well-being 2. Moral rules are inadequate unless they are grounded in a virtue-based ethics 3. Judgments about character are more fundamental than judgments about the rightness or wrongness of conduct 48

The Positive Case for Virtue Ethics-2 4. Virtue ethics is more comprehensive, because it deals with the whole person and not simply the person in so far as he or she performs an action 5. The key to morality is found in the character of moral role models 49

Aristotle Eudaimonia https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=VFPBf 1 AZOQ g Nicomachean Ethics Intellectual and moral virtues Doctrine of the mean 50