Chapter 07 Anatomy and Physiology Copyright 2014 Cengage

Chapter 07 Anatomy and Physiology Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 1 Basic Structure of the Human Body • Human body is like an efficient, organized machine – When machine malfunctions, disease occurs • Understanding of anatomy and physiology is essential to understanding disease process Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 1 Basic Structure of the Human Body (continued) • Anatomy – Study of form and structure of organisms • Physiology – Study of processes of living organisms • Pathophysiology – Study of how disease occurs and body’s response Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 1 Basic Structure of the Human Body (continued) • Disease types – Congenital – Inherited – Infectious – Degenerative Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 1 Basic Structure of the Human Body (continued) • Protoplasm – Basic substance of life – Made of ordinary elements (e. g. , carbon, oxygen, hydrogen) – Scientists can combine such elements, but cannot create life Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cells • • • Made of protoplasm Microscopic structures Carry on all functions of life Body contains trillions of cells Vary in shape and size Perform different functions Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cells (continued) • Cell parts (refer to Figure 7 -1 in Text) – Cell membrane – Cytoplasm (contains organelles) – Nucleus – Nucleolus – Chromatin (chromosomes, genomes) – Centrosome Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cells (continued) • Cell parts (continued) – Mitochondria – Golgi apparatus – Endoplasmic reticulum – Vacuoles – Lysosomes – Pinocytic vesicles Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cells (continued) • Cells reproduce through mitosis – Asexual reproduction process • Sex cells reproduce through meiosis – Two cell divisions produce four new cells • Refer to Figure 7 -2 in Text • Stem cells from blastocysts used in research Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tissue • Cells of same type joined together • 60– 99 percent water • Dehydration – Insufficient tissue fluid • Edema – Swelling of tissues due to excess fluid Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tissue (continued) • Four groups of tissues – Epithelial – Connective – Nerve – Muscle Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Organs and Systems • Organs – Two or more tissues joined together for a specific purpose • Systems – Organs and other body parts joined together for a particular function (refer to Table 7 -1 in Text) Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 2 Body Planes, Directions, and Cavities • Directional terms developed for use in describing human body – Describe relationship of one body part to another when the body is in anatomic position – Facing forward, standing erect, arms at sides with palms facing forward Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Body Planes • Imaginary lines drawn through body at various levels to separate body into sections • Directional terms are created by body planes – Refer to Figure 7 -6 in Text Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Body Planes (continued) • Transverse plane – Superior/inferior, cranial/caudal • Midsagittal or median plane – Medial/lateral • Frontal or coronal plane – Ventral/anterior, dorsal/posterior • Proximal and distal are other directional terms Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Body Cavities • Spaces within body that contain vital organs • Dorsal cavity – Cranial/spinal • Ventral cavities – Thoracic/abdominal/pelvic • Three small cavities – Orbital/nasal/buccal Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Abdominal Regions • Abdominal cavity is separated into regions or sections because it is so large • Quadrants (refer to Figure 7 -8 in Text) – RUQ – LUQ – RLQ – LLQ Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Abdominal Regions (continued) • Regions (refer to Figure 7 -9 in Text) – Epigastric – Umbilical – Hypogastric/pelvic – Hypochondriac – Lumbar – Iliac or inguinal Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 3 Integumentary System • Name for the skin and its structures • Called a membrane because it covers the body • Called an organ because it contains several kinds of tissues • Called a system because it has organs and other parts that function together Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 3 Integumentary System (continued) • Epidermis – Outermost layer • Dermis – Corium or “true skin” • Subcutaneous fascia or hypodermis – Innermost layer Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 3 Integumentary System (continued) • • Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) Sebaceous glands (oil glands) Hair Nails Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Functions • • Protection Sensory perception Regulation of body temperature Storage Absorption Excretion Production of vitamin D Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Pigmentation • Skin color is inherited and is determined by pigments in the epidermis – Melanin – Carotene • Abnormal skin color can indicate disease Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Skin Eruptions • Refer to Figure 7 -12 in Text • Macules • • Papules • • Vesicles • • Pustules • Crusts Wheals Ulcers Cysts Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • Acne vulgaris • Athlete’s foot • Skin cancer – Basal cell carcinoma – Squamous cell carcinoma – Melanoma Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions (continued) • • • Dermatitis Eczema Impetigo Psoriasis Ringworm Verrucae Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 4 Skeletal System • Made of organs called bones • Adult has 206 bones • Functions – – – Framework Protection Levers Production of blood cells Stores calcium, phosphorus, and fats Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 4 Skeletal System (continued) • Long bones (refer to Figure 7 -19 in Text) – Bones of the extremities – Diaphysis – Epiphysis – Medullary canal – Yellow marrow – Endosteum Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 4 Skeletal System (continued) • Long bones (continued) – Red marrow – Periosteum • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 4 Skeletal System (continued) • Skull (refer to Figure 7 -20 in Text) – Cranial and facial bones – Cranium (fontanels at birth) – Sutures – Sinuses – Foramina Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 4 Skeletal System (continued) • Spinal column (refer to Figure 7 -21 in Text) – 26 bones called vertebrae – Protects the spinal cord – Supports head and trunk • 12 pairs of ribs (costae) • Sternum Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 4 Skeletal System (continued) • Shoulder or pectoral girdle – 2 clavicles (collarbones) – 2 scapula (shoulder bones) • Humerus • Radius • Ulna Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 4 Skeletal System (continued) • • Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Os coxae (pelvic girdle) Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 4 Skeletal System (continued) • • Femur Patella Tibia Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 4 Skeletal System (continued) • Joints – Areas where two or more bones join together – Connective tissue bands called ligaments – Diarthrosis or synovial – Amphiarthrosis – Synarthrosis Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • • • Arthritis Bursitis Fractures (refer to Figure 7 -25 in Text) Dislocation Sprain Osteomyelitis Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions (continued) • Osteoporosis • Ruptured disk (herniated or slipped disk) • Spinal curvatures – Kyphosis – Scoliosis – Lordosis Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 5 Muscular System • More than 600 muscles in the body – Bundles of muscle fibers held together with connective tissue • Properties of muscles – Excitability/irritability – Contractibility – Extensibility – Elasticity Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 5 Muscular System (continued) • Cardiac – Involuntary • Visceral or smooth – Involuntary • Skeletal – Voluntary • Refer to Figure 7 -28 in Text Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 5 Muscular System (continued) • Skeletal muscle functions – Attach to bones to provide movement – Produce heat and energy – Help maintain posture – Protect internal organs Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 5 Muscular System (continued) • Skeletal muscles attach to bones – Tendons – Fascia – Origin and insertion Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 5 Muscular System (continued) • Muscle actions (refer to Figure 7 -29 in Text) – Adduction – Abduction – Flexion – Extension – Rotation – Circumduction – Pronation – Supination – Dorsiflexion – Plantar flexion Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 5 Muscular System (continued) • Muscle tone – Muscles partially contracted at all times – Allows for state of readiness – Atrophy or loss of muscle tone – Contracture Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • • • Fibromyalgia Muscular dystrophy Myasthenia gravis Muscle spasms Strain Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 6 Nervous System • Complex and highly organized • Coordinates all of the many activities of the body • Allows body to respond adapt to changes that occur inside and outside the body Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 6 Nervous System (continued) • Neuron or nerve cell – Basic structural unit of nervous system • Parts of neuron – Cell body containing nucleus – Nerve fibers called dendrites – Nerve fiber called axon Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 6 Nervous System (continued) • Nerves – Combination of nerve fibers – Located outside the brain and spinal cord – Afferent: sensory nerves – Efferent: motor nerves – Associative: internuncial nerves Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Central Nervous System • Consists of brain and spinal cord • Sections – Cerebrum – Cerebellum – Diencephalon – Midbrain – Pons – Medulla oblongata Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Central Nervous System (continued) • Spinal cord continues down from medulla oblongata • Meninges – Three membranes cover/protect brain/spinal cord • Brain has four ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic nervous system – 12 pairs of cranial nerves for special senses – 31 pairs of spinal nerves carry messages to and from spinal cord – Refer to Figures 7 -35 and 7 -36 in Text Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Peripheral Nervous System (continued) • Autonomic nervous system – Helps maintain balance in body’s involuntary functions – Homeostasis through work of • Sympathetic nervous system • Parasympathetic nervous system Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • • • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Carpal tunnel syndrome Cerebral palsy Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Encephalitis Epilepsy Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions (continued) • Hydrocephalus • Meningitis • Multiple sclerosis (MS) • • Neuralgia Paralysis Parkinson’s disease Shingles Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 7 Special Senses • Allow body to react to the environment • Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and maintain balance • Body structures receive sensation, nerves carry sensory messages to brain, brain interprets and responds to messages Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Eye • Sense of sight – Light rays transmitted to the optic nerve – Optic nerve relays information to the brain • Eye is well protected – Bony socket – Eyelids and eyelashes – Lacrimal glands – Conjunctiva Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Eye (continued) • Refer to Figure 7 -39 in Text • Sclera – Outer layer, “white” of the eye • Choroid coat – Middle layer • Retina – Innermost layer Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Other Special Structures • • • Iris Pupil Lens Aqueous humor Vitreous humor Muscles Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • • • Amblyopia: lazy eye Astigmatism Cataract Conjunctivitis: pink eye Glaucoma Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions (continued) • • • Hyperopia: farsightedness Macular degeneration Myopia: nearsightedness Presbyopia Strabismus Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Ear • Controls hearing and balance • Sound waves transmitted to auditory nerve • Auditory nerve relays information to the brain for interpretation • Consists of outer ear, middle ear, inner ear Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Ear (continued) • Outer ear – Pinna or auricle – Auditory canal – Tympanic membrane Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Ear (continued) • Middle ear – Malleus, incus, and stapes – Transmit sound waves to inner ear – Eustachian tube Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Ear (continued) • Inner ear – Oval window – Vestibule – Cochlea – Organ of Corti – Semicircular canals Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • • • Hearing loss Ménière’s disease Otitis externa Otitis media Otosclerosis Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Tongue and Sense of Taste • Taste receptors on papillae located on the tongue (refer to Figure 7 -44 in Text) • Four main tastes (plus umami) – Sweet – Salty – Sour – Bitter Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Nose and Sense of Smell • Nose is organ of smell • Olfactory receptors in nasal cavity • Impulses carried from the olfactory nerve to the brain for interpretation • Humans can detect more than 6, 000 smells • Senses of taste and smell are related Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Skin and General Senses • Sense receptors for pressure, heat, cold, touch, and pain located in skin and connective tissue • Allow human body to respond to environment • Help body react to conditions that could cause injury Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 8 Circulatory System Also known as the cardiovascular system Consists of heart, blood vessels, blood Transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells Transports carbon dioxide and metabolic materials away from body cells • Refer to Figure 7 -46 in Text • • Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Heart • Muscular, hollow organ called body’s “pump” • Weighs less than one pound • Three layers of tissue – Endocardium – Myocardium – Pericardium Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Heart (continued) • Septum • Heart chambers • Valves – Tricuspid – Pulmonary – Mitral – Aortic Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Heart (continued) • Cardiac cycle (heartbeat) – Refer to Figure 7 -47 in Text • Conductive pathways – Arrhythmias • Defibrillators • Pacemaker Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Blood Vessels • Blood is carried through body in blood vessels • Arteries – Carry blood away from heart • Capillaries – Connect arterioles with venules • Veins – Carry blood back to heart Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Blood Composition • • Average adult has 4– 6 quarts of blood Transports many substances Plasma Blood cells – Erythrocytes or red blood cells – Leukocytes or white blood cells – Thrombocytes Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • • • Anemia Aneurysm Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Congestive heart failure (CHF) Embolus Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions (continued) • • • Hemophilia Hypertension Leukemia Myocardial infarction (heart attack) Phlebitis Varicose veins Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 9 Lymphatic System • Works with the circulatory system – Refer to Figure 7 -56 in Text • Removes waste and excess fluids from the body tissues • Lymphatic vessels • Lymph nodes (glands) Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Lymphatic System (continued) • • • Lymphatic tissue Lymphatic ducts Cisterna chyli Tonsils Spleen Thymus Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • • • Adenitis Hodgkin’s lymphoma Lymphangitis Splenomegaly Tonsillitis Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 10 Respiratory System • Consists of lungs and air passages • Takes oxygen in and removes carbon dioxide • Works continuously or death occurs in 4– 6 minutes Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Respiratory Organs and Structures • • • Nose Nasal septum Nasal cavities Sinuses Pharynx: throat • • • Larynx: voice box Trachea: windpipe Bronchi Alveoli Lungs Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Process of Breathing • Process of breathing is called ventilation • Controlled by respiratory center in medulla oblongata • Inspiration: inhalation • Expiration: exhalation Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stages of Respiration • External respiration – Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and bloodstream • Internal respiration – Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream • Cellular respiration Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • • • Asthma Bronchitis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Emphysema Epistaxis—nosebleed Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions (continued) • • • Influenza (flu) Laryngitis Lung cancer Pleurisy Pneumonia Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions (continued) • • • Rhinitis Sinusitis Sleep apnea Tuberculosis (TB) Upper respiratory infection (URI) Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 11 Digestive System • Also called gastrointestinal system • Physical and chemical breakdown of food for use by the body • System consists of the alimentary canal and the accessory organs • Refer to Figure 7 -63 in Text Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Parts of the Alimentary Canal • Long muscular tube • Begins at the mouth and ends at the anus • Accessory organs – Salivary glands, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Parts of the Alimentary Canal (continued) • Mouth: also called buccal cavity – Teeth – Tongue – Hard palate – Soft palate – Salivary glands Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Parts of the Alimentary Canal (continued) • Pharynx (throat) – Carrier for both air and food – Carries food bolus to the esophagus – When bolus is swallowed, epiglottis closes to prevent food from entering respiratory tract Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Parts of the Alimentary Canal (continued) • Esophagus – Muscular tube dorsal to the trachea – Carries bolus to stomach – Peristalsis moves food toward stomach • Stomach – Rugae Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Parts of the Alimentary Canal (continued) • Small intestine – About 20 feet long; 1 inch in diameter – Receives food from the stomach as chyme – Sections • Duodenum • Jejunum • Ileum Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Parts of the Alimentary Canal (continued) • Large intestine – About 5 feet long; 2 inches in diameter – Cecum – Colon – Rectum Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Accessory Organs • Liver – Largest gland in the body – Accessory organ for digestive system • Gallbladder – Located under the liver – Stores and concentrates bile Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Accessory Organs (continued) • Pancreas – Located behind the stomach – Produces pancreatic juices to digest food – Produces insulin, which is secreted into the bloodstream; regulates metabolism of carbohydrates to convert glucose to energy Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • • Appendicitis Cholecystitis Cirrhosis Constipation Diarrhea Diverticulitis Gastroenteritis GERD • • Hemorrhoids Hepatitis Hernia Pancreatitis Peritonitis Ulcerative colitis Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 12 Urinary System • Also called the excretory system • Removes certain wastes and excess water from the body • Maintains acid–base balance • Maintains homeostasis • Refer to Figure 7 -69 in Text Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 12 Urinary System (continued) • Kidneys (refer to Figure 7 -70 in Text) – Bean-shaped organs – Retroperitoneal location – Protected by ribs, fat • Two main sections – Cortex – Medulla Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 12 Urinary System (continued) • Kidneys (continued) – Hilum – Nephrons • • Microscopic filtering units Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Refer to Figure 7 -71 in Text Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 12 Urinary System (continued) • Ureters – Muscular tubes about 10– 12 inches long • Extend from renal pelvis of each kidney to bladder • Peristalsis moves urine through tube to bladder Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 12 Urinary System (continued) • Urethra – Carries urine from bladder to the outside – Urinary meatus is external opening – Differs in female and male systems – Urine is liquid waste, 99 percent water • Conditions affecting urination include polyuria, oliguria, hematuria, dysuria Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • • • Cystitis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Renal calculus Renal failure • Uremia • Urethritis – ARF – CRF Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 13 Endocrine System • Group of ductless (without tubes) glands • Secrete substances called hormones • Hormones – Chemical substances called “chemical messengers” secreted directly into bloodstream – Perform many bodily functions – Refer to Table 7 -3 in Text Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Pituitary Gland • “Master gland” of the body • Located at the base of the brain in the stella turcica • Divided into anterior and posterior lobes Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Pituitary Gland (continued) • Diseases and conditions – Acromegaly – Giantism – Diabetes insipidus – Dwarfism Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Thyroid Gland • • • Regulates body’s metabolism Controls blood calcium level Located in neck Two lobes Requires iodine from food intake Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Thyroid Gland (continued) • Diseases and conditions – Goiter – Hyperthyroidism – Graves’ disease – Hypothyroidism Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Parathyroid Glands • Four small glands attached to thyroid glands • Regulate amount of calcium in the blood • Diseases and conditions – Hyperparathyroidism – Hypoparathyroidism Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Adrenal Glands • Suprarenal glands, located above kidneys • Two parts – Cortex – Medulla • Diseases and conditions – Addison’s disease – Cushing’s syndrome Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Pancreas • • Located behind the stomach Both an exocrine and an endocrine gland Islets of Langerhans produce insulin Disease – Diabetes mellitus Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Other Endocrine Glands • Ovaries – Female sex glands secrete hormones that regulate menstruation and secondary sexual characteristics • Testes – Male sex glands produce hormones that regulate secondary sexual characteristics Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Other Endocrine Glands (continued) • Thymus – Active in early life, atrophies during puberty – Produces thymosin • Pineal Body – Secretes three hormones, limited knowledge of physiology Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Other Endocrine Glands (continued) • Placenta – Temporary endocrine gland produced during pregnancy – Link between mother and infant – Provides nutrition for infant – Expelled after the birth of the child (as afterbirth) Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7: 14 Reproductive System • Function is to produce life • Consists of – Gonads (sex glands) – Ducts (tubes) to carry sex cells and secretions – Accessory organs Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Male Reproductive System • • • Testes located in scrotum are male gonads Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicles Ejaculatory ducts Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Male Reproductive System (continued) • • • Prostate gland Cowper’s (bulbourethral) glands Urethra Penis Refer to Figure 7 -78 in Text Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Male Reproductive System (continued) • Diseases and conditions – Epididymitis – Orchitis – Prostatic hypertrophy and cancer – Testicular cancer Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Female Reproductive System • Ovaries are female gonads • Fallopian tubes • Uterus – Fundus – Body or corpus – Cervix – Inner layer is endometrium Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Female Reproductive System (continued) • • • Vagina Bartholin’s glands (vestibular glands) Vulva Breasts or mammary glands Refer to Figures 7 -79, 7 -80, and 7 -81 in Text Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Female Reproductive System (continued) • Diseases and conditions – Breast tumors – Cancer of the cervix and/or uterus – Endometriosis – Ovarian cancer – Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) • Affect both men and women • Incidence increasing, especially among young people • AIDS • Chlamydia • Gonorrhea Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (continued) • • Herpes Pubic lice Syphilis Trichomoniasis Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.