Unit 5 Intro to Anatomy and Physiology Anatomical

Unit 5: Intro to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomical Position • The standard starting point for examining the human body: Standing upright, arms and feet facing forward, arms at the side, forearms supinated

Anatomical Planes/Axes Plane Frontal Sagittal Transverse Axis Antero-posterior Horizontal Longitudinal Example Cartwheel Front roll 360 degree spin

Term Movement Example Extension Standing up Bicep curl Flexion Adduction Abduction Squeeze your knees together Moving away from the midline Circumduction Making circles with your arms Supination Protraction Holding a bowl of soup Turning plam facing down Sticking out your chin Squeezing shoulder blades Point toes upwards Dorsiflexion Plantar Flexion Walk on tip-toes Stand on inner edge of foot Eversion Retraction Elevation Stand on outer edge of foot Shoulder shrugs Depression Slouch shoulders Opposition Bring thumb to finger Return to anatomical position Inversion Reposition

Review Questions 1) If you were lying on your belly, which way would your palms be facing if you maintained the anatomical position? a) Inward b) down c) up d) out

2) Perform 10 push-ups: What movement are your arms performing? _____&_____

3) When performing plastic surgery your attendant asked you "to begin at the cheek bone and cut in a lateral direction" If you perform correctly you would be cutting. . . a) towards the nose b)towards the forehead c) towards the ear d) towards the chin

4) Perform 10 jumping jacks to demonstrate 2 specific movements. What plane are your limbs moving along? a) frontal b)sagittal c)transverse

5) Assuming you are in the anatomical position, where is wrist relative to your elbow? (2 possible answers) a) distal b) proximal c) lateral d)medial

6) 10 toe raises: which movement is this an example of? (2 possible answers) a) plantar flexion b) dorsiflexion c) flexion d) extension

7) With linked arms attempt to stand up with your partner: • Your backs are Anterior or Posterior? Your bellybutton is Anterior or Posterior? {Demonstrate your attempt to stand up for the class}

8) Perform 10 trunk rotations: this describes the movement around the _____ axis and through the ____ plane

5. 1 CHAPTER REVIEW • The anatomical position is the starting point for describing anatomical relationships and movements. • The anatomical position is further divided in anatomical planes and anatomical axes. Movement occurs along an anatomical plane and around an antomical axis. • Anatomical planes and axes are at right angles to each other. • Using this standard terminology, it is possible to describe human movement — for example, flexion/ extension, abduction/adduction, supination/ pronation, etc.

5. 2 Terminology §Bones: §Joints: §Muscles: §Ligaments: §Tendons: §Cartilage:

Skeletal System Functions Function Support Protection Movement Storage of Minerals Red Blood Cell Production Description

Skeletal Divisions Axial Skeleton (80) Skull (22) Vertebral column (26) Sternum & ribs Appendicular Skeleton Total of 126 bones Arms, legs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

Landmarks • • • Long Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones Short Bones

Anatomy of a Long Bone

Adult vs Child Skeleton → → ← ← ←

Skeletal Problems • Fractures – Simple • Break or crack, no separation – Compound • Broken into separate pieces – Comminuted • Broken ends shattered into many pieces

Skeletal Problems • Stress Fracture

Sport Injuries • Shin Splits – Tearing of interosseous membrane between tibia & fibula or periosteum • • • Surface (hard/uneven) Regimen Frequency Duration Footwear

Skeletal Problems • Osteoporosis – Degenerative condition – Low bone mass & deterioration – Susceptibility to breaks • hip, wrist, spine – Exercise & nutrition key to combat – Female triad (excessive exercise, poor diet, weight loss) Prevention

Effects of Aging on the Skeleton

Spinal Curvatures • Develop in 3 Function rd month of infant development – Increase strength – Maintain balance • Lordosis, kyphosis, when upright scoliosis are a result of – Absorb shock during excessive curvature movement – Help protect against breaks

Spinal Curvatures

5. 5 The Different Types of Human Joints • “What is the role of joints within the human body and why do so many injuries occur at joints?

Classification of Joints • Joints are classified according to their structure (what they are made of) or their function (the type and extent of movement they permit). • The structural classification recognizes three main types of joints: • Fibrous joints, • Cartilaginous joints, and • Synovial joints

6 Types of Synovial Joints 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Ball-and-socket: Gliding: Hinge: Pivot: Saddle: Ellipsoid:

Synovial Joints – Bone ‘ends’ covered with articular cartilage – Cavity may contain cartilage disc – Encased in fibrous capsule – Lined with synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid (lubricant) – Strengthened by ligaments & tendons Joint movement is limited by shape of bones, laxity of capsule & ligaments and position & action of muscles crossing it.

Synovial Joints • Articulating Cartilage – End of bones – Friction-free, protect & absorb shock • Capsule Consists of: – Synovial membrane • Semi-permeable: allow some nutrients to pass – Fibrous Capsule • Prevents synovial fluid from leaking out

Synovial Joints • Cavity – Located between two bones – Filled with synovial fluid • Synovial Fluid – Lubricant that reduces friction and provides nutrients • Bursae – Fluid-filled sacs – Found @ friction points (tendons & ligaments)

Synovial Joints • Intrinsic Ligaments – Connective tissue reinforcing capsule • Extrinsic Ligaments – Reinforce joint by attaching bones together

REVIEW QUESTIONS • Textbook: pg. 161 Q#2, 4, 7, 9, 13, 14, 17, 21 • Workbook: pg. 88 Q#1 -6 MC, 3 ESSAY pg. 89 Q#1 -6 MC, 3 SA, 1 ESSAY

Sport Injuries • • Cartilage Damage Strains, Pulls and Tears (treatment) Tendinitis Dislocation and Separations