Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 1

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Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 1

Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 1

Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology 2

Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology 2

Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, neutrons Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium

Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, neutrons Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system Organism - human 3

Levels of Organization 4

Levels of Organization 4

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure (appearances, locations and relationships of body

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure (appearances, locations and relationships of body parts). (Greek – “a cutting up”) 1. Gross Anatomy – study of body structures that are visible w/out microscope. 2. Microanatomy – study of body structures on a microscopic level. 3. Histology – microanatomy focusing on the study of tissues. 4. Systemic Anatomy – body structures w/in a given organ system. 5. Regional Anatomy – Structures w/in a given region. 5

Anatomy and Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”) Structure is

Anatomy and Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”) Structure is always related to function 6

Clinical Application Medical Imaging • Noninvasive procedures • Provide images of soft internal structures

Clinical Application Medical Imaging • Noninvasive procedures • Provide images of soft internal structures Ultrasonography • Use of highfrequency sound waves • Relatively quick and inexpensive View Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Requires injection of dye • Produces computerized images from different angles View 7

Characteristics of Life Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a

Characteristics of Life Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a change Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods 8

Characteristics of Life Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms Absorption –

Characteristics of Life Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions 9

Requirements of Organisms Life depends on five environmental factors • water • food •

Requirements of Organisms Life depends on five environmental factors • water • food • oxygen • heat • pressure 10

Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic

Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials 11

Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (Gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy

Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (Gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing 12

Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of

Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes • Receptors - provide information about stimuli • Control center - tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point) • Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the 13 internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms 14

Homeostatic Mechanisms 14

Homeostatic Mechanisms 15

Homeostatic Mechanisms 15

Health and Disease – Any reduction in the body’s ideal state. • Lesion –

Health and Disease – Any reduction in the body’s ideal state. • Lesion – structural change in a body part or region caused by a disease. • Acute – expected to last a short time. • Chronic – lasts a longer duration. • Symptoms – sensation that can be correlated w/ an origin from disease. • Diagnosis – process of identifying a disease from its symptoms. The first step in treatment. 16

Health and Disease Classification of Disease • Congenital – arise before birth. Can be

Health and Disease Classification of Disease • Congenital – arise before birth. Can be inherited from parent(s), but usually due to genetic code. (Cerebral Palsy) • Immunological – Caused by a reaction of the body to an invasion by foreign substances. (AIDS) • Metabolic – Affects metabolism directly. (MD • Neoplastic – caused by abnormal growth and/or reproduction of cells in which they develop into 17 lesions.

Body Cavities 18

Body Cavities 18

Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines

Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes • Visceral pleura • Parietal pleura • Visceral pericardium • Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes • Parietal peritoneum • Visceral peritoneum 19

Serous Membranes 20

Serous Membranes 20

Serous Membranes 21

Serous Membranes 21

Organ Systems 22

Organ Systems 22

Organ Systems 23

Organ Systems 23

Organ Systems 24

Organ Systems 24

Organ Systems 25

Organ Systems 25

Organ Systems 26

Organ Systems 26

Organ Systems 27

Organ Systems 27

Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides,

Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward Terms of Relative Position • Superior versus Inferior • Anterior versus Posterior • Medial versus Lateral • Ipsilateral versus Contralateral • Proximal versus Distal • Superficial versus Peripheral • Deep 28

Body Sections • Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median / Parasagittal • Transverse or Horizontal

Body Sections • Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median / Parasagittal • Transverse or Horizontal • Coronal or Frontal • Cross section, Oblique, Longitudinal 29

Body Sections 30

Body Sections 30

Body Sections 31

Body Sections 31

Body Sections 32

Body Sections 32

Abdominal Subdivisions 33

Abdominal Subdivisions 33

Body Regions 34

Body Regions 34