Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 1
- Slides: 34
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology 2
Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, neutrons Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system Organism - human 3
Levels of Organization 4
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure (appearances, locations and relationships of body parts). (Greek – “a cutting up”) 1. Gross Anatomy – study of body structures that are visible w/out microscope. 2. Microanatomy – study of body structures on a microscopic level. 3. Histology – microanatomy focusing on the study of tissues. 4. Systemic Anatomy – body structures w/in a given organ system. 5. Regional Anatomy – Structures w/in a given region. 5
Anatomy and Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”) Structure is always related to function 6
Clinical Application Medical Imaging • Noninvasive procedures • Provide images of soft internal structures Ultrasonography • Use of highfrequency sound waves • Relatively quick and inexpensive View Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Requires injection of dye • Produces computerized images from different angles View 7
Characteristics of Life Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a change Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods 8
Characteristics of Life Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions 9
Requirements of Organisms Life depends on five environmental factors • water • food • oxygen • heat • pressure 10
Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials 11
Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (Gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing 12
Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes • Receptors - provide information about stimuli • Control center - tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point) • Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the 13 internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms 14
Homeostatic Mechanisms 15
Health and Disease – Any reduction in the body’s ideal state. • Lesion – structural change in a body part or region caused by a disease. • Acute – expected to last a short time. • Chronic – lasts a longer duration. • Symptoms – sensation that can be correlated w/ an origin from disease. • Diagnosis – process of identifying a disease from its symptoms. The first step in treatment. 16
Health and Disease Classification of Disease • Congenital – arise before birth. Can be inherited from parent(s), but usually due to genetic code. (Cerebral Palsy) • Immunological – Caused by a reaction of the body to an invasion by foreign substances. (AIDS) • Metabolic – Affects metabolism directly. (MD • Neoplastic – caused by abnormal growth and/or reproduction of cells in which they develop into 17 lesions.
Body Cavities 18
Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes • Visceral pleura • Parietal pleura • Visceral pericardium • Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes • Parietal peritoneum • Visceral peritoneum 19
Serous Membranes 20
Serous Membranes 21
Organ Systems 22
Organ Systems 23
Organ Systems 24
Organ Systems 25
Organ Systems 26
Organ Systems 27
Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward Terms of Relative Position • Superior versus Inferior • Anterior versus Posterior • Medial versus Lateral • Ipsilateral versus Contralateral • Proximal versus Distal • Superficial versus Peripheral • Deep 28
Body Sections • Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median / Parasagittal • Transverse or Horizontal • Coronal or Frontal • Cross section, Oblique, Longitudinal 29
Body Sections 30
Body Sections 31
Body Sections 32
Abdominal Subdivisions 33
Body Regions 34
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