CHAPTER 2 THE HUMAN BODY IN HEALTH AND

CHAPTER 2 THE HUMAN BODY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Medical Terminology

Mrs. Mc. Cay’s Description of Chpt 2 REVIEW + Good somewhat interesting information!

Anatomic Reference Systems � Words used to describe the locations of the structural units of the body � Body planes � Body directions � Body cavities � Structural Units Anatomy- study of the structures of the body Physiology- study of the functions of the structures of the body Anatomic positionstanding erect with palms facing toward front

Anatomic Reference Systems The Body Planesimaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to dive the body into sections for descriptive purposes � Vertical Planes- up and down � Midsagittal- divides the body into equal right and left halves Frontal/coronal- divides the body into anterior/posterior halves � Horizontal Planesdivides the body into superior and inferior halves Transverse planedivides body at waist

Anatomic Reference Systems Body Systemwhen body parts function together to perform a related function and are grouped together

Anatomical Reference Systems Body Direction Terms Front; belly side Ventral Back of the organ/body Dorsal In the front Anterior In the back Posterior Above/toward the head Superior Below/toward the feet Inferior Toward the head Cephalic Toward the lower part of the body Caudal Near the midline Proximal Furthest from the midline Distal Toward or near the midline Medial Away from the midline Lateral

Anatomical Reference Systems � Body Cavities- 2 major Dorsal Cavity- the back of the body and head Cranial cavity- skull and brain Cranial- pertaining to the skull Spinal Cavity- the spinal column Ventral Cavity- the front of the body Thoracic cavity- chest cavity; thorax; surrounds and protects heart and lungs Abdominal cavity- contains digestion organs Pelvic cavity- between hip bones; contains reproductive and excretory systems Abdominopelvic cavity- abdominal and pelvic cavities Inguinal- relating to the groin; lower area of abdomen

Anatomic Reference Systems Regions of the thorax and abdomen � Hypochondriac regions- left and right side of the body covered by ribs � � Hypo- below Chondr/i- cartilage -ac pertaining to Epigastric region- above the stomach epi- above Gastr- stomach -ic means pertaining to Lumbar region- life and right sides near the inward curve of the spine (lumbar spine) � � � Lumb- lower back -ar pertaining to Umbilical region- surrounds the umbilicus Iliac region- to the left and right sides over the hip bones Hypogastric region- below the stomach Hypo- below Gastr- stomach -ic pertaining to

Anatomic Reference Systems The Peritoneum- a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity Membrane- a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ � Parietal peritoneum- outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall � Parietal- cavity wall Visceral peritoneum- the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity Visceral- relating to the internal organs � Mesentery- fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall � Retroperitoneal- behind the peritoneum � Retro- behind Periton- peritoneum -eal- pertaining to Peritonitis- inflammation of the peritoneum Periton- peritoneum -it is- inflammation

Structures of the Body Cells- basic structural and functional units of the body � Cytology- study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell � Cell membrane- tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment � Cytoplasm- the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus Cyt/o- cell -plasm- formative material of cells � Nucleus Structure within in the cell that has 2 functions: control activities of the cell, divides the cell

Structures of the Body Stem Cells- unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division � � Can be transformed into cells with special functions Somatic Stem cells- Adult Stem cells � Maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found Can be harvested from bone marrow Embryonic Stem cells- grow rapidly and indefinitely and can turn into adult cells Come from cord blood Can be obtained from surplus embryos produced by in vitro fertilization https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_gj. Ih. R-y. Ggs https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=s 19 e. FX 5 g. Yc. E

Genetics Gene- fundamental physical functional unit of heredity Genetics- study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease Geneticist- specialist in the field of genetics Dominant gene- when inherited from either parent the offspring will have the genetic condition/characteristic Recessive gene- when inherited from both parents the offspring will have; when only inherited from 1 parent the offspring will not have

Genetics Human genome- the complete set of genetic information of an individual Chromosomes- the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell � Somatic cell- any cell in the body except the gametes 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs; 22 identical pairs and 1 extra � Sex cell- gamete; each egg and sperm contain 23 individual chromosomes (always X in egg; X or Y in sperm)

Genetics DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid � In a chromosome as two spiraling strands that twist together to form a double helix Genetic mutation- change of the sequence of a DNA molecule � Somatic cell mutation- change within the cells of the body � Gametic cell mutation- change within the genes in a gamete cell � Cannot be transmitted to next generation Can be transmitted to children Genetic engineering- the manipulation or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposed

Genetics Genetic disorders- hereditary disorders; caused by absent or defective gene � � � � Cystic fibrosis- genetic disorder that affects respiratory and digestive systems Down syndrome- genetic variation; characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities Hemophilia- hereditary bleeding disorders where blood clotting factor is missing; spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following injury Huntington’s disease- causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that appear in midlife Muscular dystrophy- group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement Phenylketonuria (PKU)- the essential digestive enzyme phenylaline hydroxylase is missing Tay-sachs- fatal genetic disorder where harmful quantities of fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain

Tissues A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions Histology- study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues Histologist- specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels

Tissues Epithelial tissues- form a protective covering for all the internal and external surfaces of the body � � Epithelium- forms the epidermis of the skin and surface layer of mucous membranes Endothelium- lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, gland, organs Connective tissues- support and connect organs and other body tissues � � Dense connective tissue- bone and cartilage Adipose tissue- fat; provides protective padding, insulation, and support Loose connective tissuesurrounds organs and support nerve cells and blood vessels Liquid connective tissue- blood and lymph

Tissues Muscle tissuecontains cells with the ability to contract and relax Nerve tissue- contains cells with the ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses Incomplete tissue formation � Aplasia- defective development or congenital absence of an organ/tissue � A- without -plasia formation Hypoplasia- incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells Hypo- deficient -plasia formation

Tissues Abnormal Tissue Formation � Anaplasia- change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other � � Ana- excessive -plasia formation Dysplasia- abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, organs Dys- bad -plasia formation Hyperplasia- the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissue � Hyper-excessive -plasia formation Hypertrophy- general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size of cells Hyper- excessive

Glands Gland- A specialized group of epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions � Exocrine- sweat glands; secrete substance out to organs or out of body � Exo- out -crine secrete Endocrine- produce hormones; secrete directly into bloodstream Endo- within -crine secrete

Glands Adenitis- inflammation of gland � Aden-gland � -itis inflammation Adenocarcinoma- malignant tumor in glandular tissue � Aden/o- gland � Carcin- cancerous � -oma tumor Adenoma- benign tumor that starts in or resembles a gland � Aden/o- gland � -oma tumor Adenomalacia- abnormal softening of gland � Aden/o- gland � -malacia softening Adenosis- disease of gland � � Adenosclerosis- hardening of gland � � Aden/o- gland -osis disease Aden/o- gland -sclerosis hardening Adenectomy- removal of a gland � � Aden/o- gland -ectomy- removal

Pathology The study of the nature and cause of disease that involves changes in structure and function Pathologist- specialize in laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis Etiology- study of the causes of disease

Disease Transmission Pathogen- disease producing organism Transmission- spread of disease Contamination- pathogen is present Contagious disease- any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with a contaminated object � � � Indirect contact- infected by a contaminated surface Bloodborne transmission- spread of disease through contact with blood or other body fluids Airborne transmission- occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze Food/water borne transmission- caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens Vector-borne transmission- spread of disease by bite of vector (insect or animal)

Disease transmission Epidemiologist- specialist who studies the outbreaks of disease within a population group � � � Epi- above Dem- population -ologist- specialist Endemic- ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area � � � En- within Dem- population -ic pertaining to Epidemic- sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area � � � Epi- above Dem- population -ic pertaining to Pandemic- an outbreak of disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly world wide � � � Pan- entire Dem- population -ic pertaining to

Disease transmission Functional disorder- disease producing symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified Iatrogenic illness- unfavorable response due to prescribed treatment Idiopathic disorder- without known cause � � � Idi/o- peculiar Path- disease -ic pertaining to Infectious disease- illness caused by living pathogenic organisms Nosocomial infection- a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting Organic disorder- produced symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body Congenital disorder- abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth Developmental disorder- birth defect; result of anomaly or malformation. � Anomaly- deviation from what is regarded as normal

Aging Geriatrics/ gereontology- the study of medical problems and care of the aged Geriatrician/gereontologist- physician who specializes in the care of older people

Assignments Chapter 2 Worksheet Matching word parts 1 � Matching word parts 2 � Matching word parts 3 � Definitions � Matching regions of the thorax and abdomen � Which word? � Spelling counts � Matching pathology of � tissue formation � Sentence completion � Word surgery � Which is the correct medical term? � Challenge word building � You are skipping Term selection, clinical conditions, & labeling exercises

Assignments Disease Warriors Activities