The Age of Enlightenment APERO Chapter 17 18

The Age of Enlightenment APERO – Chapter 17

18 th Century – The Age of Enlightenment An intellectual movement l That spread throughout Europe’s literate circles l

The Enlightenment in Pictures l https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=CP 8 k _f 3 PFq 8

Key Ideas of the Enlightenment l 1. Reason – Truth through logic l Informed thinking about social issues l Absence of superstition, intolerance l Humans should rely on reason, not miracles, to improve society

Key Ideas of the Enlightenment l 2. Nature, Natural Laws, Natural Rights l Natural laws can regulate both the universe and human society l Natural laws can be discovered by human reason l Liberty & Freedom a natural right

Key Ideas of the Enlightenment l 3. Happiness l Happiness as an inalienable human right l Humans should not accept misery in this world to find salvation in the hereafter l (social reform is possible)

Key Ideas of the Enlightenment l 4. Progress l The belief in social progress l Political and economic reform would improve society and allow for progress

“Philosophes” Critical of everything! l Political Philosophers/Social Critics l Applied rules of reason, criticism, and common sense to their writings l

The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas 1. The Rise of Print Culture: l Books, journals, newspapers, magazines reached wider audiences in the 18 th century l People exposed to new ideas l

The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas l 2. Writers as Social Critics Philosophes able to earn a living through writing l Exchanged ideas/opinions/perspectiv es l Allowed for the emergence of public l opinion

The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas 3. Coffeehouses l Allowed for public discussion of social/ Political issues l A place for intellectuals to exchange ideas l

Voltaire (1694 -1778) l l Most influential of the philosophes AKA: Francois- Marie Arouet Prolific writer Wrote: Candide (1759) – a satire attacking war, religious persecution, and human optimism

The Quotable Voltaire l l l 1. “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it” 2. 2“God gave us the gift of life; It is up to us to give ourselves the gift of living well” 3. “Common sense is not so common” 4. “ Judge a man by his questions rather than his answers” 5. “everyman is guilty of all the good he did not do”

The Encyclopedia l l l l Printed 1751 -1772 Denis Diderot chief editor of the Encyclopedia Collective effort- 100 authors importance: 1. Disseminated Enlightenment thinking 2. Freedom of expression 3. Source of knowledge

Quotable Diderot l “all things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings” – Denis Diderot

Shift in Political Ideology Old idea: l “ a monarch’s rule is justified through divine right” l New Idea: l “ a government’s power comes from the consent of the governed” l

Baron de Montesquieu (16891755) l Wrote: Spirit of Laws (1748) Concluded that the Ideal government would separate power into: l Executive, judicial, & legislative branches l

Quotable Montesquieu

Jean -Jacques Rousseau (17121778) Committed to defending freedom and changing existing social order l 1. Novel Emile – argued for a “natural education” l Children are entitled to an education l Education should be individualized “every mind has its own form” l

Jean -Jacques Rousseau (17121778) 2. Social Contract l agreement among free individuals to create a society & government l l “ man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”

Adam Smith (1723 -1790) l Wrote: Wealth of l Governments should not interfere with business l Laissez -faire Nations (1776) economics (let them be) l Emergence of classical economic thought

Mary Wollstonecraft: l Wrote: A Vindication of the Rights of Women l l l Argued : that women, like men, needed education to become “virtuous & useful” That women, like men had the capacity of human reason Criticized Rousseau’s view of women

Quotable Mary Wollstonecraft l “Strengthen the female mind by enlarging it, and there will be an end to blind obedience”

Enlightenment Ideas… 1. Inspired Revolutions and Independence Movements of the 1700’s and 1800’s l 2. Redefined the relationship between government and those governed l

Enlightened Absolutism l Philosophes urged Europe’s absolute rulers to use their power for the good of the people

The French Revolution APEURO – Chapter 18

Causes of The French Revolution

1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order Society divided into The “Three Estates” l 3 Social Classes determined a person’s status, and their rights! l

1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order 1 st Estate: l Clergy l Make up 1% of the population l Does Not pay taxes! l

1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order 2 nd Estate: l Nobility l 2% of the population own 25% of the land l High positions in government, military l l l DO NOT PAY TAXES! (a noble privilege)

1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order l 3 rd Estate: l Everyone Else! “Bourgeoisie” – l l middle class professionals Free Peasants Serfs (un-free peasants) HAVE TO PAY TAXES!

2. France is in Debt! From previous wars l Send $ to the American colonists l Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette’s extravagant spending l

2. France is in Debt! l Jacques Necker – Minister of Finance Publishes the “Necker Report” 1781 l “Everything’s Fine!” l Report discloses economic mismanagement l People are upset l By 1786 Banks refuse to lend $ to France!

2. France is in Debt! Charles Alexander Calonne’s Economic Reform Plan 1786 : l Why not tax landed nobility? l l He is quickly replaced…

2. France is in Debt! l Marie Antoinette’s extravagant spending sprees… l 1 dress cost 20 X’s what a skilled worker earned in a year! Spent $ on clothes, shoes, accessories, parties, re-decorating Versailles… l

2. France is in Debt! l Marie Antoinette is nicknamed… “Madame Deficit”

3. Cost of Living Increases l l l Peasant situation worsened: Price of food rose Crop failures 17881789 led to bread shortages! Peasant’s anger rose

Causes of the French Revolution l l l l 1. Inequality of Social Classes Taxes 2. France in debt Extravagant spending of Marie A. & Louis XVI 3. Cost of Living Increased Tensions rose No money for food or basic necessities

Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette l **

Palace of Versailles Was Built by Louis 16 th’s grandfather l “The Sun King” Louis 14 th l Most extravagant palace in all of Europe l

Marie Antoinette Born in 1755 l Austrian Princess l Had 14 Brothers and Sisters l Marie the favorite l

@ Age 15… A marriage arranged l To the Crown Prince of France, Louis 16 th l l “an advantageous match” l She was sent to Versailles

Marie Antoinette – Last Queen of France- Early years l https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=YIOjo QYa. MMQ

The Wedding, 1770 Marie and Louis are married l They are both 15 l

The Coronation, 1774 Louis’ Father died l And l Louis and Marie were crowned King and Queen of France l AT AGE 19!!! l

Louis XVI Described as “homely, awkward & antisocial” l he’s obsessed with collecting KEYS, and CLOCKS. l Ignored Marie for the first 7 years of their marriage l

Louis XVI ‘s Hobby l **

Marie Antoinette – Last Queen of France- Early years l https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=HVGo _q. ADfv 8 l https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=DLtdy _GEp. Lg l https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. YHCGSe. SO 4

What is Marie To Do? She spent Money! l Fashion - her passion! l Named her designer Rose Bertin as “Minister of Fashion” l Threw lavish Banquets l

Marie’s Hobby… l Fashion, Jewelry, Accessories, Entertaining

In France, l The official duty of the Queen was to produce a male heir…

Controversial Marie l l l Decided to “act” in theatre! (scandalous!) Decided to be a “trendsetter” ! Longed for the “simple life” builds a peasant village and People gossip…

Marie Antoinette’s Dress l http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=lnn. QL V 9 e. Db 0

Royal Children

Meanwhile… l Fall, 1788. Financial Desperation! l Louis XVI agreed to call on the Estates General l Estates General – representative assembly of Three Estates l Last time assembly was called: 1614!

The French Revolution: 1789 -1799 Napoleonic Era: 1799 -1815 l l l l Six Phases: 1. Estates General – 1789 2. National Assembly Phase: June , 1789 - 1791 3. The Legislative Assembly Phase: 1791 -1792 4. National Convention Phase: 1792 -1795 5. The Directory Phase: 1795 -1799 6. Napoleon Phase: 1799 -1815

1. Estates General -1789 Estates General l Problem: 1 st & 2 nd Estate usually outvoted the 3 rd estate l Solution: the 3 rd estate allowed to send as many delegates as the other 2 estates combined. l

1. The Estates General- 1789 l 1789 Joseph Sieyes wrote pamphlet: “What is the 3 rd Estate? ” Argued that the clergy & nobility contributed little to the country l 3 rd estate however, the “heart” of the country! l

1. The Estates General- 1789 l All invited to submit (by estates): l Cahiers de doleances (grievance lists) l Petitions showed: desire for constitutional monarchy, restructured tax system, guaranteed liberties

1. The Estates General -1789 Estates General convened May, 1789 l 3 rd estate refused to act until King ordered the 2 other estates to meet with them l 6 week standoff, Some Priests joined the 3 rd estate l

2. National Assembly Phase – June, 1789 -1791 Transition: l The 3 rd Estate Declared itself the l National Assembly l June , 1789 assembly moved to an indoor tennis court…

2. National Assembly Phase 17891791 l And swore to continue to meet until France had a new constitution… l Pledge called: The Tennis Court Oath

2. National Assembly Phase 17891791 l July, 1789 – Storming of the Bastille l Parisian Mob attacked the Bastille Prison Symbol of injustice, inequality Hoped to seize weapons, free prisoners Soldiers fired at mob l l l

2. National Assembly Phase 17891791 l July, 1789 Breakdown of law and order Peasants broke into manors, quit paying taxes Some nobles flee (emigres) l l l

2. National Assembly Phase 17891791 The King Accepted the National Assembly as new government l Tri-color flag adopted l Gave peasants hunting rights l

2. National Assembly Phase 17891791 l August, 1789 l Declaration of Rights of Men and of the Citizen Listed basic human rights l “all men are born free and equal in rights” l Excluded women l

2. National Assembly Phase 17891791 l Response: Olympe de Gouges wrote: “ Declaration of Rights of Men and of Women” Declared women’s rights to education, property within marriage, right to initiate divorce

2. National Assembly Phase 17891791 l l October 5, 1789 Women’s March to Versailles Mob of over 100, 000 women demand bread Demanded King Louis XVI move to Paris

3. The Legislative Assembly, 1791 -1792 l l Factions: 1. Conservatives sat on the right (Loyal to King) 2. Moderates sat on the center 3. Radicals sat on the left

3. The Legislative Assembly, 1791 -1792 l Leftist Radicals divided into 2 groups: l 1. The Jacobins – Wanted to overthrow monarchy and create a republic. l 2. The Girondists- wanted to involve France in a war that would discredit the monarchy and extend revolutionary ideas across Europe.

3. The Legislative Assembly, 1791 -1792 June 21, 1791 Royal family attempted to flee l 500 miles away from border… l Recognized & Arrested l

3. The Legislative Assembly, 1791 -1792 l Marie Antoinette’s brother King Leopold of Austria threatened to send troops to France to restore order… l If other European nations joined him… l No one joined him l Leopold died unexpectedly

4. National Convention Phase 1792 -1795 l New French Constitution went into effect l September 1, 1791 l The “National Assembly” achieved their Tennis Court Oath and changed their name to… l “The National Convention”

4. National Convention Phase 1792 -1795 A wave of patriotism spread throughout country l September 1792 , France declared a Republic l l Slogan: “Life, Liberty, and Fraternity”

4. National Convention Phase 1792 -1795 New Government Created : l A new calendar! (began September 1792 as month 1) (months renamed according to season) l The Metric System! l

4. National Convention Phase 1792 -1795 People now addressed as “citizens” (everyone equal) l Churches converted to l “Temples of Reason” l Religious celebrations and holidays were secularized

4. National Convention Phase 1792 -1795 National Convention STILL divided l 1. Girondists“revolution has gone far enough!” l 2. Jacobins – radicals “anyone who opposes new govt. is antirevolutionary!” l

4. National Convention Phase 1792 -1795 The Working Class l “Sans Culottes” – (those who wear the long pants) l Pressed for more extreme measures l

4. National Convention Phase 1792 -1795 Reign of Terror 17931794 l Radical Jacobins took over the National Convention under the leadership of l Maximillien Robespierre l

4. National Convention Phase 1792 -1795 l Robespierre sought to eliminate all enemies of the Jacobins l Established the Committee of Public Safety l Between 20, 000 - 40, 000 people guillotined (from all three former estates) l Most violent period

4. National Convention Phase 1792 -1795 l l King Louis XVI executed for treason January, 1793 Marie Antoinette executed Late 1793 Daughter Maria Therese survived in Austria Son Louis Charles died in prison a year after mother’s death

Marie Antoinette- The Last Queen of France l http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ls 6 Hi. Y Vkt 0 M

4. The National Convention 17921795 The Feminine symbol of the revolution l “Marianne” l Second Constitution of 1793, is never used l

4. National Convention – 17921795 l l Members of National Convention turned against Robespierre July 1794 Maximillien Robespierre executed July = Thermidor (heat) The revolt against Robespierre is called Thermidorian Reaction

5. The Directory Phase 1795 -1799 l France now ruled by a committee of 5 men l Legislature made up of 2 houses: the 500, and the elders l September , 1797 a coup d'état reduced the directory to 3 members

5. The Directory Was Overthrown l By a young , successful general in 1799 l By the name of… l Napoleon Bonaparte

Caroline Weber “What Marie Antoinette Wore to the Revolution” l http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Cp 3 BZ _u. Al 8 Y

6. The Napoleonic Era 1799 -1815 The “post” revolution years Chapter 19

About Napoleon… l l l Born in island of Corsica Was not French! Won a scholarship to attend a prestigious French Military Academy

In 1796 Napoleon Married Josephine l She was 32 (six years older!), a divorcee with grown sons l She helped him get a high ranking military position l

In November, 1799 l Napoleon overthrew the Directory l Although his new government appeared to be “democratic”, he was really a dictator

Napoleon Restored Order in France 1. Did away with the unfair tax laws l 2. Established a National Bank! Balances budget! l 3. Established Schools! l 4. Replaced elected officials with his trusted friends (rewarded them for their talents) l

Napoleon Restored Order in France l 5. Censored Newspapers (# of Newspapers went from 73 to 13!) l 6. Restored the Church and Religious Holidays l 7. Abandoned the revolutionary calendar l 8. Kept the Metric System

1804 Napoleon Declared himself Emperor ! l l Coronation : return to extravagance Procession in Royal Coach to Cathedral of Notre Dame Crowned by Pope https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Pf 7 Uq. M 7 Wyg

Imagery of Napoleon l l l Bees- resurrection Eagle- military victory Hand of justiceauthority References to Ceasar: laurel crown, roman column Symbols of monarchy: sceptre, robe, throne, chain

Notable Napoleon Quotes: l “A picture is worth a thousand words” l “If you want something done well, do it yourself” l “A man will fight harder for his interests, than his rights”

Napoleonic Code (of laws) l 1. Divided into criminal code and civil code l 2. Citizens declared equal before law l 3. Freedom of religion l 4. Chapellier law forbade labor unions & strikes l 5. Men controlled property l 6. Women had no right to earn/keep their own money

Society During Napoleon Years Moving upward in society required education, money, and service to the state… l It was possible to “move up” l

Military Genius l l l France was not enough! 1. Attempted to defeat Britain’s navy in 1805 Lost the BATTLE OF Trafalgar Revenge. The Continental System 1806: Napoleon Forced French allies to boycott British goods. Hoped to destroy their economy

Military Genius l 2. 1805 Defeated Austria l 3. 1806 Dissolved The Holy Roman Empire (German Principalities)

Military Genius 4. 1807 -1808 Invaded Spain l forced Spanish King to abdicate l Napoleon placed his brother Joseph on the throne l

Strategy l 1807 signed nonaggression pact with Czar Alexander of Russia

Meanwhile… Napoleon divorced Josephine l No male heir! l Married 18 year old Marie Louise (he was 40) l She produced male heir… (1811 -1832) Napoleon Francois <Joseph Charles l

By 1812 Napoleon ruled most of Europe l Placed bothers in ruling positions in conquered territories l

And Then… l Czar Alexander of Russia decided to sign a treaty with England, Betraying pact with Napoleon! l Napoleon had married Marie Louise instead of the TSAR’S Sister. Personal revenge?

Napoleon Was Furious! l l He invaded Russia 1812 700, 000 French Troops ½ died due to starvation , frostbite and exposure to cold! DISASTROUS

The End l l Napoleon forced to abdicate in 1814 Failed suicide attempt Exiled to Elba Got to keep title & income

After ALL THAT, l Louis XVIII brother of Louis XVI was restored to the throne! l “Constitutional Monarch”

But Wait! Napoleon returned in 1815, raised an army and regained power! l Only for 100 days l

European Governments Teamed up against Napoleon: Austrian, British, Prussian, Russian forces Defeated NAPOLEON in Battle of Waterloo (Belgium) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a. BRR 31 oc. Llg

Congress of Vienna (1815) l l l 1. Pre- Napoleon borders restored 2. Legitimate Bourbon Monarchy restored to France 3. England, Austria, Prussia, Russia, France form alliance “Concert of Europe” (harmony) 4. Agree to squash revolutions & maintain order 5. Balance of power – no 1 nation can become “too strong”

Napoleon Was Sent to the island of St. Helena l He died 1821 l

Napoleon Karaoke Review! l https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=f. Oki 3 q. AZe 4 g