CHAPTER 8 REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT SECTION 1 THE

CHAPTER 8: REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT

SECTION 1: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION • Objective: Discuss how the Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind’s place in the universe.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION Medieval scientists aka natural philosophers relied on ancient Aristotle for their scientific knowledge Changes in the 15 th and 16 th century allowed for Renaissance humanists to read works by Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato

New developments=new thinking i. Telescope, microscope, and (most importantly) the printing press Mathematics played an important role with the discovery of works by Nicholas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton i. Developed new theories that became the foundation of the Scientific Revolution

REVOLUTION IN ASTRONOMY (SEE YOUR CHART) • Ptolemaic System- geocentric model

• Copernicus and Kepler- heliocentric model

• Galileo- The Starry Messenger

• Newton- Universal Law of Gravitation

BREAKTHROUGHS IN MEDICINE AND CHEMISTRY Medicine was based on animal dissection by 2 nd century Greek physician Galen…. he was often wrong 16 th century anatomy changed with the dissection of human bodies by Andreas Vesalius

William Harvey’s findings: i. the heart, not the liver, was the starting point for blood circulation in the body ii. the same blood flows in the veins and arteries iii. most importantly the blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body

WOMEN AND THE ORIGINS OF MODERN SCIENCE Women as well as men were involved in the Scientific Revolution In Germany, many women involved in science were astronomers

Margaret Cavendish- Her work was very critical of the growing belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature.

Maria Winklemann- discovered a comet i. Trained by a self-taught astronomer and married Prussia’s foremost astronomer (Gottfried Kirch) ii. Example of obstacles women faced in acceptance as scientists

DESCARTES AND REASON René Descartes- work based on doubt and uncertainty found in the confusion of the 17 th century i. His most famous work, Discourse on Method, written 1637 1. His first principle, “I think, therefore I am”. 2. His second, “the mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically different. ”

ii. From this principle came the idea of the separation of mind and matter (and of mind and body). iii. Father of modern rationalismsystem of thought is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

SCIENTIFIC METHOD People became concerned with how they could best understand the physical world The result was the creation of a scientific method-a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence

Francis Bacon, an English philosopher was the person who developed the scientific method i. believed that scientists should use inductive reasoning to learn about nature- Scientists should proceed from the particular to the general

CHAPTER 8 SECTION 2 • Essential Questions: Why do new ideas often spark change? How do new ways of thinking affect the way people respond to their surroundings?

A. IDEAS OF THE PHILOSOPHES • 18 th century was a philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the Scientific Revolution • What were those achievements? • Reason- applying the scientific method to understand all of life

• The words used most by Enlightenment thinkers were reason, natural law, hope, progress

• John Locke-Essay Concerning Human Understanding, argued that everyone was born with a tabula rasa, or a blank mind • People are molded by experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world • Natural rights/unalienable rights- life, liberty, and property

• Isaac Newton- physical world and everything in it was like a giant “world machine” • Everything operates under natural laws that can be discovered by the scientific method • People can use the scientific method to discover the natural laws that govern human society • What effect would this have on philosophers?

B. THE ROLE OF PHILOSOPHY • Philosophe= philosopher • Philosophes were writers, professors, journalists, economists, and above all, social reformers • The Enlightenment was an international movement

• The philosophes role was to change the world • A spirit of rational criticism was to be applied to everything, including religion and politics • What effect would this have on the world?

• The 3 French Giants • Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu • Voltaire • Denis Diderot

MONTESQUIEU

Montesquieu • The Spirit of the Laws-study of governments • Believed that England’s government had 3 branches • Executive- the monarch • Legislative- parliament • Judicial- courts of law

• Government functioned through separation of powers • What is separation of powers?

VOLTAIRE

VOLTAIRE • Greatest known figure of the Enlightenment • Known for criticism of Christianity and his strong belief in religious toleration • Treatise of Toleration- reminds governments that “all men are brothers under God”……. how is this different from the current thinking at the time?

• Deism- religious philosophy based on reason and natural law • A mechanic (God) had created the universe, set it in motion, and allowed it to run without his interference according to its own natural laws

DENIS DIDEROT

DENIS DIDEROT • Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades- “change the general way of thinking” • Weapon in the crusade against old French societyattacked religious superstition, supported religious toleration, called for political, social, and legal improvements

C. NEW SOCIAL SCIENCES • Social sciences were the areas of economics and political science • Physiocrats (French)- interested in identifying the natural economic laws that governed human society • If individuals were free to pursue their own economic self-interest, all society would ultimately benefit • Laissez-faire- “to let people do what they want”state should leave the economy alone

• Adam Smith- The Wealth of Nations- also believed that the state should not interfere in economic matters • Government had only 3 basic roles: • Army • Police • Infrastructure

D. THE SPREAD OF IDEAS • The 1760 s- a new generation of philosophes • Concerned about liberty and the condition of women

• The Social Contract • Jean-Jacques Rousseau- most famous philosophe of the later Enlightenment • Argued that people had adopted laws and government in order to preserve their private property caused them to be enslaved and needed to regain freedom

• The Social Contract- 1. an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will 2. If you choose to follow your own will you will be forced to abide by the general will • What is best for the general will is what is best for the entire community • Wanted to find a balance between heart and mind • How is this different from other Enlightenment thinkers?

F. WOMEN’S RIGHTS • Change in the thinking about the role of women • Mary Wollstonecraft- founder of the modern European and American movement for women’s rights

• 2 arguments against the Enlightenment thinkers • Obeying men is as arbitrary as obeying a monarch over its subjects • Women have reason therefore they should have the same rights as men • Wollstonecraft argued women should have equal rights in education and economic and political life

G. THE GROWTH OF READING • Spread of ideas to the literate elite of European society • Reading grew in the 18 th century due to publishing of novels; especially for the middle class, women, and urban artists • Novelists used realistic social themes

• Publishing of newspapers and magazines • Newspapers were found in coffeehouses- gathering place to exchange ideas • Salons- elegant rooms where wealthy upper class got together to talk about new ideas of the philosophes • Who would be in the salons?

H. RELIGION IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT • Attacked the Christian churches but most people were Christian • Many people sought a deeper devotion to God • Methodist movement- many people converted to do good works

I. ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE ARTS • Traditional practices plus changes in art, music, literature • Rococo-art style that emphasized grace, charm, gentle action and was highly secular • Musical geniuses- Haydn and Mozart

SECTION 3 ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM AND THE BALANCE OF POWER • Enduring questions • Why do new ideas often spark change? • How do new ways of thinking affect the way people respond to their surroundings?

SECTION 3 - ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM AND THE BALANCE OF POWER • Enduring Question- Why do new ideas spark change? How do new ways of thinking affect the way people respond to their surroundings?

GUIDING QUESTIONS • How were European rulers guided by Enlightenment thought? • What are natural rights? • What are some examples of natural rights? • How did philosophes think these rights could be protected?

A. ENLIGHTENMENT AND ABSOLUTISM • Philosophes and natural rights for all people • Equality before the law • Freedom of religious worship • Freedom of speech • Freedom of the press • Right to assemble • Hold property • Pursue happiness

• People need to be governed by enlightened rulers that allow natural rights and nurture the arts, sciences, and education • MUST obey and enforce the laws fairly for all subjects

• Only strong monarchs could do this • Enlightened absolutism- rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers

• Did Europe’s rulers actually become Enlightened?

B. PRUSSIA, AUSTRIA, AND RUSSIA • Prussia- Frederick William I and Frederick II • Frederick William I • Maintained highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers • Supreme value of obedience, honor, and service to the king…. • Doubled the size of the army • Nobles and serfs

• Frederick II (Frederick the Great) • Well versed in enlightened ideas • Increased the army by recruiting nobles • Abolished the use of torture (except in treason and murder) • Granted limited freedom of speech and press and greater religious toleration • Kept serfdom and rigid social structure

• Austria- Maria Theresa and Joseph II • Hard to rule- diverse • Maria Theresa • Worked to centralize and strengthen the state • Not open to reform but did improve conditions of the serfs

• Joseph II • “Made philosophy the lawmaker of the empire” • Abolished serfdom • Eliminated death penalty • Equality of all before the law and religious reforms

• Program largely failed • Alienated nobles by freeing serfs • Alienated Catholic church • Serfs were unhappy with drastic changes

• Russia- Peter III and Catherine II • Peter III • Formed alliance with Prussia

• Catherine II (Catherine the Great) • Favored the landed nobility • Worse conditions for peasants led to rebellion • Expanded territory

• Which rulers sought Enlightened changes? Which sought more power?

C. THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR • How did changing alliances in Europe lead to the Seven Years’ War and how was the war carried out on a global scale? 7 years war

• War of Austria Succession (1740 -1748) • Major war broke out over the succession to the Austrian throne • Frederick II invaded land in Austria France entered war against Austria Maria Theresa allied with Great Britain

• War was fought in Europe, Asia, and North America • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)- return of territory to original owners except Silesia…. Maria Theresa not happy

• The War in Europe • French/Austrian rivalry- since the 16 th century • Britain/France rivalry- colonial powers • Austria/Prussia- Silesia • France leaves Prussia to join Austria and Russia saw Prussia as a threat and joins new alliance

• Britain allies with Prussia • Diplomatic revolution of 1756= worldwide war in Europe, India, and North America • Frederick the Great was able to initially defeat Austrian, French, and Russian armies…eventually wore down

• Peter III (Russia) came to power and withdrew troops and ended the war in 1763 • Occupied territories returned to original owners except…. Silesia

• The War in India • Great War for Empire • War between Britain and France that took place in India and North America • Treaty of Paris 1763 - French withdrew giving India to Britain

• The War in North America • Greatest conflicts between British and French colonies • France controlled Canada and Louisiana- fur trade but little colonists • Britain- 13 colonies with more people

• Fought over the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Ohio River valley • Britain defeated France outside of Quebec • Treaty of Paris- Britain gained Canada and lands east of the Mississippi and Spanish Florida from Spain; France gave Louisiana Territory to Spain • 1763 - Britain world’s largest colonial power

SECTION 4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION • Enduring Question • Why do new ideas spark change? • How do new ways of thinking affect the way people respond to their surroundings?

• Guiding question: • What were the causes of and influences on the American Revolution?

A. BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION • England Scotland combined to form Great Britain in 1707 • British= English and Scots • Glorious Revolution (1688)- Bill of Rights affirming Parliament’s right to make laws

• Monarch and Parliament shared powers • 1714 - Queen Anne, the last Stuart monarch, dies • Hanoverian monarchy established- King George I

• William Pitt the Elder- head of the cabinet in 1757 • Growing trade and industry= growing middle class that wants expansion • Where did the British Empire expand into after the Seven Years’ War?

• Colonies were very populated and prosperous • Had own legislatures that acted independently of Britain’s Parliament

B. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION BEGINS • Britain needed money to pay war costs and keep an army to defend colonies • Stamp Act 1765 • Violent opposition- act repealed in 1766

• First Continental Congress 1774 members urged colonists to take up arms and organize militias • Lexington and Concord 1775

• Second Continental Congress- set up the Continental Army • Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776

C. BRITISH DEFEAT • How and why did European nations help the colonists win their independence from Great Britain?

• France • Supplied arms, money and naval support • Military officers served in Continental Army • Granted diplomatic recognition to the new United States

• Spain and Dutch Republic • Spain sent troops to what is today Florida and helped keep open colonial supply lines from the south • The Dutch Republic supplied arms

• Britain surrenders at Yorktown in 1781 • Treaty of Paris 1781 - recognized the independence of America, granted American control of land from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River

D. THE BIRTH OF A NEW NATION • What were the effects of the American Revolution? • Why did intellectuals believe the formation of the United States carried out Enlightenment thought?

• Articles of Confederation 1781 - created a weak central government • Constitutional Convention 1787 - met to revise the Articles but ended up writing a new constitution

E. THE CONSTITUTION • Created a federal system • Montesquieu’s government • 3 branches- executive, legislative, judicial

F. THE BILL OF RIGHTS • 12 amendments to the Constitutionstates approved 10 • Many of the rights came from the Enlightenment philosophes

• Bill of Rights guaranteed • Freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly • Right to bear arms • Protection against unreasonable searches and arrests • Trial by jury • Due process of law • Protection of property rights