The Enlightenment the American Revolution Ms Garratt Locke

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The Enlightenment & the American Revolution Ms. Garratt

The Enlightenment & the American Revolution Ms. Garratt

Locke • Wrote Two Treatises of Government after witnessing the Glorious Revolution. • Believed

Locke • Wrote Two Treatises of Government after witnessing the Glorious Revolution. • Believed human nature was essentially good. • Believed that all humans were born with natural rights of life, liberty & property

Locke • Governments were established through the consent of the governed & a social

Locke • Governments were established through the consent of the governed & a social contract. • Purpose of gov was to protect those rights • If gov abused it’s authority as Britain had done people had a right to overthrow the gov

Hobbes • Influenced by the English Civil War • Human nature was wicked &

Hobbes • Influenced by the English Civil War • Human nature was wicked & life was like state of war • Social Contract req’d people to give up liberties to an absolute monarch. • In return they gain order & security. • Wrote the Leviathan

Linkage of the Scientific Revolution to the Enlightenment • Belief in Progress – The

Linkage of the Scientific Revolution to the Enlightenment • Belief in Progress – The successes of the Scientific Revolution gave philosophes the confidence that human reason could solve social problems. • More secular Perspective – Scientists made discoveries that contradicted & challenged religious teachings. • Importance of the Individual – People turned away from the Church & royalty for guidance - looked to themselves. – Encouraged to use their own abilities & reason to problem solve

Core Values of the Philosophes • 1. Reason – truth could be discovered through

Core Values of the Philosophes • 1. Reason – truth could be discovered through reason • 2. Happiness – rejected medieval belief that people should concentrate on finding happiness in the hereafter rather than finding contentment & joy in this world • 3. Progress – Humankind could improve • 4. Liberty – called for liberties achieved from the Glorious Revolution in the English Bill of Rights • 5. Nature – Believed that was natural was

“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the

“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it” Voltaire

Voltaire • Prolific writer who used satire against his enemies. • Attacked clergy, aristocrats

Voltaire • Prolific writer who used satire against his enemies. • Attacked clergy, aristocrats & gov • Fought for religious freedom & speech. • Fought superstition, intolerance and prejudice. • He corresponded directly with many rulers • Was jailed & exiled for his beliefs. • Real name Francois Marie Arouet

Locke’s Chief Influence • Principles include: – Natural rights – Purpose of gov –

Locke’s Chief Influence • Principles include: – Natural rights – Purpose of gov – Justification to overthrow gov – Author of the Two Treatise on Government

Montesquieu • Believed the best organization of gov included: • Separation of powers &

Montesquieu • Believed the best organization of gov included: • Separation of powers & • Checks and balances • SOP was by itself a C/B • Both ideas are part of the US Constitution. • Wrote Spirit of the Laws

“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains. ” Rousseau

“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains. ” Rousseau

Rousseau • Civilization corrupted man. • Only good gov had to be freely formed

Rousseau • Civilization corrupted man. • Only good gov had to be freely formed & guided by the “general will” of society. • Favored “direct democracy” in which individuals agree to give up some freedoms in favor of the common good. • Consent of government • Titles of nobility should be abolished • Influenced French Revolution • Wrote the Social Contract

Beccaria • Interested in the justice system • Condemned torture & irregular procedings. •

Beccaria • Interested in the justice system • Condemned torture & irregular procedings. • Favored: – Speedy trial – Fair treatment – Punishment commensurate with the crime – Abolishing capital punishment

Wollstonecraft • Women were not treated fairly by most philosophes. • Wollstonecraft believed that

Wollstonecraft • Women were not treated fairly by most philosophes. • Wollstonecraft believed that women were entitled to an equal education. • Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women

How did Enlightenment Ideas Spread?

How did Enlightenment Ideas Spread?

Diderot • Began publishing the Encyclopedia in 1751 • Censured by the Catholic Church

Diderot • Began publishing the Encyclopedia in 1751 • Censured by the Catholic Church & French gov • Enlight ened despots, absolute rulers, were those willing to consider some reforms

Salons & Salonieres • Originated in 1600 s • Noblewomen began inviting enlightenment philosophes

Salons & Salonieres • Originated in 1600 s • Noblewomen began inviting enlightenment philosophes in all fields to their homes • By the 1700 s middle class women began holding salons. • Another way in which ideas were disseminated

Catherine the Great • Experimented with Enlightenment ideas • Communicated with Voltaire & Diderot.

Catherine the Great • Experimented with Enlightenment ideas • Communicated with Voltaire & Diderot. • Gave some rights to nobles • However she allied herself with nobles who opposed change. • Suppressed serf revolt • Never implemented reforms

Frederick the Great – King of Prussia Religious freedom Reduced censorship Improved edu Reformed

Frederick the Great – King of Prussia Religious freedom Reduced censorship Improved edu Reformed justice system Opposed serfdom but did not eliminate it because he needed support of wealthy landowners • Referred to himself as “ 1 st servant of the state” • • •

Joseph II • Dedicated reformer • Disguised himself so he could learn about people’s

Joseph II • Dedicated reformer • Disguised himself so he could learn about people’s problems and improve them. • Hired qualified civil servants rather than nobles • Religious toleration • Ended censorship • Sold some church property to build hospitals • Abolished serfdom

Music, Literature and Architectural Changes during the Enlightenment

Music, Literature and Architectural Changes during the Enlightenment

Baroque

Baroque

Neoclassical

Neoclassical

Baroque Music • Johann Sebastian Bach • George Friedrich Handel • Dramatic Organ &

Baroque Music • Johann Sebastian Bach • George Friedrich Handel • Dramatic Organ & choral music I’ll be Bach!

Classical Music - Enlightenment • Composers – Joseph Haydn – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart –

Classical Music - Enlightenment • Composers – Joseph Haydn – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Ludwig van Beethoven – Lighter, more elegant music

Literature • Novels which had plots, suspense & character development. • Entertaining stories enjoyed

Literature • Novels which had plots, suspense & character development. • Entertaining stories enjoyed by middle classes. • Written in language that was understood • Pamela represents Enlightenment value in that Pamela stood up to abusive authority

See New PPT for Impact of Enlightenment on the American colonies

See New PPT for Impact of Enlightenment on the American colonies

Adam Smith – Free Trade • Leading physiocrat who opposed mercantilism. • Wrote Wealth

Adam Smith – Free Trade • Leading physiocrat who opposed mercantilism. • Wrote Wealth of Nations which argued that natural forces of supply & demand should operate the economy. • Strong supporter of laissez-faire. • Encouraged individual initiative

Mercantilism • Government regulated economic policy based on the following beliefs: • Wealth was

Mercantilism • Government regulated economic policy based on the following beliefs: • Wealth was measured by the amount of gold/silver • Req’d that nations maintain favorable balance of trade. • Colonies were desired because they (1) provided raw materials and (2) markets for finished products. • Restrictive trade policies which were reflected in the Navigation Laws

Enlightenment Influences on the American Revolution • • Navigation Acts French-Indian War Stamp Act

Enlightenment Influences on the American Revolution • • Navigation Acts French-Indian War Stamp Act Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts 1 st Continental Congress Lexington and Concord Second Continental Congress • Dec of Independence – We hold these truths… • John Locke • Articles. . AOC weak • New Constitution – – Federalism C/B SOP B/R