The Enlightenment the American Revolution Ms Garratt Locke
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The Enlightenment & the American Revolution Ms. Garratt
Locke • Wrote Two Treatises of Government after witnessing the Glorious Revolution. • Believed human nature was essentially good. • Believed that all humans were born with natural rights of life, liberty & property
Locke • Governments were established through the consent of the governed & a social contract. • Purpose of gov was to protect those rights • If gov abused it’s authority as Britain had done people had a right to overthrow the gov
Hobbes • Influenced by the English Civil War • Human nature was wicked & life was like state of war • Social Contract req’d people to give up liberties to an absolute monarch. • In return they gain order & security. • Wrote the Leviathan
Linkage of the Scientific Revolution to the Enlightenment • Belief in Progress – The successes of the Scientific Revolution gave philosophes the confidence that human reason could solve social problems. • More secular Perspective – Scientists made discoveries that contradicted & challenged religious teachings. • Importance of the Individual – People turned away from the Church & royalty for guidance - looked to themselves. – Encouraged to use their own abilities & reason to problem solve
Core Values of the Philosophes • 1. Reason – truth could be discovered through reason • 2. Happiness – rejected medieval belief that people should concentrate on finding happiness in the hereafter rather than finding contentment & joy in this world • 3. Progress – Humankind could improve • 4. Liberty – called for liberties achieved from the Glorious Revolution in the English Bill of Rights • 5. Nature – Believed that was natural was
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it” Voltaire
Voltaire • Prolific writer who used satire against his enemies. • Attacked clergy, aristocrats & gov • Fought for religious freedom & speech. • Fought superstition, intolerance and prejudice. • He corresponded directly with many rulers • Was jailed & exiled for his beliefs. • Real name Francois Marie Arouet
Locke’s Chief Influence • Principles include: – Natural rights – Purpose of gov – Justification to overthrow gov – Author of the Two Treatise on Government
Montesquieu • Believed the best organization of gov included: • Separation of powers & • Checks and balances • SOP was by itself a C/B • Both ideas are part of the US Constitution. • Wrote Spirit of the Laws
“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains. ” Rousseau
Rousseau • Civilization corrupted man. • Only good gov had to be freely formed & guided by the “general will” of society. • Favored “direct democracy” in which individuals agree to give up some freedoms in favor of the common good. • Consent of government • Titles of nobility should be abolished • Influenced French Revolution • Wrote the Social Contract
Beccaria • Interested in the justice system • Condemned torture & irregular procedings. • Favored: – Speedy trial – Fair treatment – Punishment commensurate with the crime – Abolishing capital punishment
Wollstonecraft • Women were not treated fairly by most philosophes. • Wollstonecraft believed that women were entitled to an equal education. • Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women
How did Enlightenment Ideas Spread?
Diderot • Began publishing the Encyclopedia in 1751 • Censured by the Catholic Church & French gov • Enlight ened despots, absolute rulers, were those willing to consider some reforms
Salons & Salonieres • Originated in 1600 s • Noblewomen began inviting enlightenment philosophes in all fields to their homes • By the 1700 s middle class women began holding salons. • Another way in which ideas were disseminated
Catherine the Great • Experimented with Enlightenment ideas • Communicated with Voltaire & Diderot. • Gave some rights to nobles • However she allied herself with nobles who opposed change. • Suppressed serf revolt • Never implemented reforms
Frederick the Great – King of Prussia Religious freedom Reduced censorship Improved edu Reformed justice system Opposed serfdom but did not eliminate it because he needed support of wealthy landowners • Referred to himself as “ 1 st servant of the state” • • •
Joseph II • Dedicated reformer • Disguised himself so he could learn about people’s problems and improve them. • Hired qualified civil servants rather than nobles • Religious toleration • Ended censorship • Sold some church property to build hospitals • Abolished serfdom
Music, Literature and Architectural Changes during the Enlightenment
Baroque
Neoclassical
Baroque Music • Johann Sebastian Bach • George Friedrich Handel • Dramatic Organ & choral music I’ll be Bach!
Classical Music - Enlightenment • Composers – Joseph Haydn – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Ludwig van Beethoven – Lighter, more elegant music
Literature • Novels which had plots, suspense & character development. • Entertaining stories enjoyed by middle classes. • Written in language that was understood • Pamela represents Enlightenment value in that Pamela stood up to abusive authority
See New PPT for Impact of Enlightenment on the American colonies
Adam Smith – Free Trade • Leading physiocrat who opposed mercantilism. • Wrote Wealth of Nations which argued that natural forces of supply & demand should operate the economy. • Strong supporter of laissez-faire. • Encouraged individual initiative
Mercantilism • Government regulated economic policy based on the following beliefs: • Wealth was measured by the amount of gold/silver • Req’d that nations maintain favorable balance of trade. • Colonies were desired because they (1) provided raw materials and (2) markets for finished products. • Restrictive trade policies which were reflected in the Navigation Laws
Enlightenment Influences on the American Revolution • • Navigation Acts French-Indian War Stamp Act Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts 1 st Continental Congress Lexington and Concord Second Continental Congress • Dec of Independence – We hold these truths… • John Locke • Articles. . AOC weak • New Constitution – – Federalism C/B SOP B/R
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