Absolutism and Revolution 1550 1850 Topic 6 Lesson

Absolutism and Revolution (1550– 1850) Topic 6, Lesson 4 The Enlightenment EQ: How much power should government have?

Absolutism and Revolution (1550– 1850) Topic 6, Lesson 4 The Enlightenment Learning Objectives • Describe how science led to the Enlightenment. • Compare and contrast the ideas of Hobbs and Locke • Explain the political philosophies of Voltaire, Diderot, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Mary Wollstonecraft

Absolutism and Revolution (1550– 1850) Topic 6, Lesson 4 The Enlightenment (pg. 353) Key Terms • • • Enlightenment natural laws Thomas Hobbes John Locke social contract natural rights philosophes Montesquieu Voltaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Scientific Revolution Leads to the Enlightenment https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=lf. YCAWIP 0 n. U • The Scientific Revolution led to the Enlightenment (Age of Reason) —a period in history in which thinkers emphasized reason to discover “natural” laws that govern human life. • Natural laws (unchanging laws) managed human behavior. • Enlightenment thinkers turned away from absolutism (monarchy) and divine right of kings towards democracy and individual rights. • Enlightenment thinkers ideas encouraged the American and French Revolution.

Hobbes & Locke on the Role of Government • During the 1600 s, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment. • Yet they reached different conclusions about human nature and the role of government.

Vocabulary: *Relinquish: give up, surrender * Inalienable: undisputed * Absolute monarch: all powerful kings * Democracy: : government by the people; especially : rule of the majority HOBBES: No, people could not be LOCKE:

1. What does your philosopher believe to be true about an individuals natural rights? 2. What does your philosopher believe to be true about human nature? 3. According to your philosopher, what is the ideal form of government? 4. According to your philosopher, what rights did the people have if the government failed to protect the individuals natural rights? 5. According to your philosopher, could people be trusted to govern themselves? 6. According to your philosopher, what was the purpose of the government

Hobbes Argues for Powerful Gov’t Thomas Hobbes's book Leviathan (book cover) reflects his belief in a powerful ruler. The monarch rises above all society, just as the mythological Leviathan, or sea monster, rises above all the seas. (pg. 353) • People are cruel, greedy and hurt one another • To escape such a horrible life People enter a social contract (agreement) in which they give up their freedom for an organized society • People need an absolute monarch (king) to govern them to bring order • Hobbes’ book Leviathan reflects his belief in a powerful ruler.

Locke Focuses on Natural Rights • Believed people were reasonable and moral • Believed humans had natural rights —rights belonged to human from birth (e. g. , life, liberty, and property) • People formed gov’t to protect their natural rights • Best gov’t had limited power and accepted by all citizens— democracy • Gov’t job is to serve people, if it violated people’s rights, then people have the right to overthrow it.

The Philosophes • In the 1700 s, France saw a flowering of Enlightenment thought. • French philosophes (philosophers) examined ideas about gov’t, law and society. • They called for reforms to protect people’s natural rights. • Their ideas strongly influence the development of democratic government—USA.

Activity 7. Read The Philosophes pg. 354 -355 Philosophes Published Book (Name it) Baron de Montesquieu Voltaire Philosophes’ Beliefs and Ideas • 1. • 2. Candid – novel that criticized the Church and Corruption • 1. • 2. • 3. Denis Diderot • 1. • 2. • 3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau • 1. • 2. Mary Wollstonecraft • 1. • 2.

Montesquieu’s Separation of Powers https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=e 1 c. N 5 Ku. B 5 s 0 • Published Spirit of the Laws (1748) • Criticized absolute gov’t • Best way to protect liberty was to divide the powers of gov. among three branches • Each branch of gov. should check and balance each branch • Influence our US Constitution

Montesquieu believed in the separation of the powers of government into branches. Who currently heads the executive branch of government in the United States?

Voltaire Supports Freedom of Thought • Supported freedom of speech • He used his “wit” to expose abuses of the Church and French gov.

Diderot Edits the Encyclopedia • Created the 28 -volume Encyclopedia • Educated people in gov’t, philosophy, and religion • Encyclopedia criticized slavery, praised freedom of speech, and promote education for all • French gov’t (monarchy) saw the Encyclopedia as immoral and sinful

Bell Ringer: Flip Video, Voltaire and Rousseau • Two characteristics (facts) about Enlightenment Thinkers. – A. – B. • Identify a similarity and difference between Voltaire and Rousseau. • Similarity: • Difference:

Rousseau Promotes the Social Contract • Published The Social Contract • Believed people naturally were good, but the evils of society corrupted them • Gov’t control was necessary, but its power had to be limited • Government had to be freely elected • The good of the community (country) should be placed above individual interests. • Hated political oppression

Women and the Enlightenment • During the Enlightenment women’s roles were limited to the home and family • By 1700 s woman began to demand equality • Mary Wollstonecraft advocated for women’s rights in her book Vindication of the Rights of Woman. – Equal education for woman – Participation in government https: //www. biography. com/video/mary-wollstonecraft-biography-video

The Philosophes: Read pg. 354 -355 8. Analyze Interactions Which of the Enlightenment thinkers (2) described in this section had the greatest influence on the structure of the U. S. government? What was his contribution? 9. Explain an Argument Read the section under the heading “Rousseau Promotes The Social Contract. ” Rousseau argues that the unequal distribution of property caused the corruption of the basic goodness of people in their natural state. Why might people be “corrupted” by an unequal distribution of property? 10. Draw Inferences Denis Diderot wanted his 28 -volume Encyclopedia to change the general way of thinking. ” What would Diderot think of modern-day versions, such as Wikipedia? Does Wikipedia undermine or support his original purpose in creating his Encyclopedia?

Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Enlightenment ideas spread through the printing of pamphlets and newspapers available to citizens. • From France, Enlightenment ideas flowed across Europe and beyond. • Everywhere, thinkers examined old beliefs and found them flawed. • Literate people eagerly read Diderot’s Encyclopedia and discussed the work of the philosophes • More and more people came to believe that reform was necessary in