The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment 1550 1789

The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment (1550 – 1789) Chapter Six

Enlightenment and Revolution 1550 – 1789 Overview Starting in the 1500 s, European thinkers overturned old ideas about the physical world with a new approach to science. Thinkers of the Enlightenment hoped to use reason to make a better society in which people were free. Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe. They had a profound effect in North America, forming the basis of the new government of the United States.

Chapters in Brief - Questions 1. Contrast how people in the Middle Ages and people in the scientific revolution looked at the physical world. (Middle Ages vs. Scientific Revolution) 2. How is the scientific revolution connected to the Enlightenment? 3. What were three major ideas of the Enlightenment? 4. What factors led to the spread of the Enlightenment? 5. How did the government of the United States reflect Enlightenment ideas?

Chapters in Brief - Answers 1. Contrast how people in the Middle Ages and people in the scientific revolution looked at the physical world. Middle Ages: scholars based their ideas on what had been written by ancient writers and what was in the Bible Scientific Revolution: scholars based their ideas on what they had observed firsthand a willingness to question old beliefs

Chapters in Brief - Answers 2. How is the scientific revolution connected to the Enlightenment? > thought the advances in science were due to the use of reason; they hoped to apply reason to social and political issues – rather than the description of nature 3. What were three major ideas of the Enlightenment? a. rights to life, liberty, and property b. that reason can gain people freedom c. that government power should be separate and balanced d. trials should be fair e. all men should have equal rights

Chapters in Brief - Answers 4. What factors led to the spread of the Enlightenment? > the discussions held in fashionable French homes and publication of the Encyclopedia 5. How did the government of the United States reflect Enlightenment ideas? > Montesquieu – the Constitution of the United States put in effect the separation of powers into three branches of government; each branch was able to prevent other branches from abusing their power > Locke – it put power in the hands of the people

Chapters in Brief - Answers 5. How did the government of the United States reflect Enlightenment ideas? (continued) > Voltaire – it protected the rights of people to free speech and freedom of religion > Beccaria – it set up a fair system of justice > many of these rights were ensured in a set of additions to the Constitution called the Bill of Rights

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Objective Analyze event that led Enlightenment scientists and thinkers to question old ideas and to revolutionize art, religion, government, and society

The Scientific Revolution Chapter Six – Section One

The Scientific Revolution During the Middle Ages, few scholars questioned ideas that had always been accepted. Europeans based ideas about the physical world on what ancient Greeks and Romans believed or what was said in the Bible. Therefore, people still thought that the earth was the center of the universe. To them, the sun, moon, other planets, and stars moved around it. In the mid-1500 s, however, attitudes changed. Scholars now started a scientific revolution drawn from a spirit of curiosity. One factor was the new focus on careful observation. Another was the willingness to question old beliefs. European explorations were a third factor. When they reached new lands,

The Scientific Revolution Europeans saw new planets and animals never seen by ancient writers. These discoveries led to the opening of new courses of study in universities. The first challenge came in astronomy. In the early 1500 s, Nicolaus Copernicus studied the stars and planets for many years. He concluded that the earth, like the other planets, revolved around the sun, and the moon revolved around the earth. Fearing attack, he did not publish his findings until just before his death. In the early 1600 s, Johannes Kepler used mathematics to confirm Copernicus’s basic idea.

The Scientific Revolution An Italian scientist – Galileo Galilei – made several discoveries that undercut the ancient ideas. He made one of the first telescopes and used it to study the planets. He found that Jupiter had moons, the sun had spots, and earth’s moon was rough. These statements went against church teaching, and Galileo was forced to deny their truth. Still, his ideas spread. Interest in science led to a new approach, the scientific method. With this method, scientists ask a question based on something they have seen in the physical world. They form a hypothesis, or an attempt to answer the question. Then they test the hypothesis by making experiments or checking other facts. Finally, they

The Scientific Revolution Changed the hypothesis if needed. The English writer Francis Bacon helped foster this new approach to knowledge by telling scientists they should base their ideas on what they can see and test in the world. The French mathematician Rene Descartes also had great influence. His thinking was based on logic and mathematics. In the mid-1600 s, the English scientist Isaac Newton described the law of gravity. Using mathematics, Newton showed that the same force ruled the motion of planets and the action of bodies on the earth.

The Scientific Revolution Scientists made new tools to study the world around them. One invented a microscope to study creatures too small for the naked eye to see. Others invented tools for understanding weather. Doctors also made advances. One made drawings that showed the different parts of the human body. Another learned how the heart pumped blood through the body. In the late 1700 s, Edward Jenner first used the process called vaccination to prevent disease. By giving a person the germs from a cattle disease called cowpox, he helped the person avoid getting the more serious human disease of small pox. Scientists made advances in chemistry as well. One challenged the old idea that things were made of only four elements – earth, air, fire, and water. He and other scientists were able to separate oxygen from air.

The Scientific Revolution l 1300 – 1600 was a time of profound change in the European world: – Renaissance l – Reformation l l rebirth of learning/inspired curiosity/questioned ideas religious movement/challenge of accepting ways of thinking about God and salvation New way of thinking in the mid-1500 s = Scientific Revolution: the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

Old Science Relied on ancient authorities, church teaching, common sense, and reasoning to explain the physical world New Science Used observation, experimentation, and scientific reasoning to gather knowledge and draw conclusions about the physical world Invention of Printing Press spread challenging ideas Discoveries made during Exploration opened up the idea that there were new ideas to be found Causes of the Scientific Revolution Navigational advances to help exploration encouraged new scientific research Reached the limit of classical knowledge but still wanted to know more New observations during this time did not match ancient beliefs regarding astronomy and mathematics

The Roots of Modern Science l Middle Ages – scholars believed the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe l Science & Technology from: – Ancient Egypt – pyramids, mathematics – China – movable type, paper, astronomy – Islam – medicine, ancient Greek texts, astronomy, mathematics – Medieval Europe – alchemy, herbalists, cathedrals

The Medieval View l according to that belief, the moon, the sun, and the planets all moved perfectly circular paths around the earth Geocentric Theory

REASSURANCE Divine power would triumph over corruption and decay of earthly things and lift the soul to an afterlife in heaven COMFORT Individual could locate God Soul’s destination would be above or below STABILITY Earth was at center Mankind important in God’s plan Medieval Representation of Ptolemaic Universe

Scientific Thought in 1500 l The Aristotelian / Ptolemaic Universe – Geocentric Theory (Aristotle and Ptolemy) o idea came from Aristotle (philosopher) - 4 th century B. C. o Ptolemy (astronomer) expanded theory – 2 nd century A. D.

Scientific Thought in 1500 l The Aristotelian / Ptolemaic Universe – 10 separate, transparent, crystal spheres Ø first 8 held the moon, sun, planets, stars Ø 2 added during Middle Age Ø Heaven lay beyond the 10 th sphere Ø Angels kept the spheres moving – Sub-lunar world Ø earth, water; fire, air Ø uniform force moved objects until something stopped it

Scientific Thought in 1500 l the Church invested greatly in this world-view l Scientific Revolution was based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs ** The view of the world immediately prior to the Scientific Revolution was that the sun moved around the earth **

Three Guiding Principles Earth is at the center of the Universe Celestial objects are made from perfect material and cannot change their properties (e. g. , their brightness) All motion in the heavens is uniform circular motion Aristotle’s Prime Mover

The Geocentric (Ptolemaic) Universe

A Revolutionary Model of the Universe l an early challenge to accepted scientific thinking came in the field of astronomy l scholars began to question the geocentric theory l Geocentric theory did not accurately explain the movements of the sun, moon, and planets

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 -1543) l Polish monk / astronomer l observed patterns of star and planet movement l Heliocentric Theory: l called into question the literal truth of the Scriptures l Copernicus waited until he was near death to publish his findings l On the Revolutions of Celestial Bodies (1543) sun-centered

The Heliocentric (Copernican) Universe

Copernicus’ Universe

Since the orbits of the planets are not circles but ellipses, Copernicus could not explain all the details of planetary motion without epicycles

A Danish nobleman, Tycho Brahe (1546 -1601), made important contributions: an astronomical observatory, precise instruments, extensive data on Mars (Kepler used to prove that the orbit of Mars was not a circle but an ellipse).

Johannes Kepler (1571 -1630), a German who went to Prague to become Brahe's assistant, realized that the orbits of the planets were not circles 32 but ellipses and developed three laws to describe the phenomenon he observed.

Kepler’s First Law: The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. 33

Kepler’s Second Law: The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the planet travels around the ellipse 34

Kepler’s Third Law: The ratio of the squares of the revolutionary periods for two planets 35 is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their semi major axes

HTML Version of Kepler’s Law 36

Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) l l l Italian scientist improved the telescope made observations that proved the Copernican view of the universe – – l l Moon Planets Stars Sunspots 1632 he published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems – supported the Copernican theory 1633 – summoned by the pope - church forced Galileo to recant - placed under house arrest until his death in 1642

Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany (1615) l l l written to address the conflict between the Bible and heliocentric theory argued that the Bible must be interpreted in light of scientific knowledge argued for a non-literal interpretation of the Bible Galileo declared the Bible teaches how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go the letter began Galileo’s troubles with the Catholic Church

Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) proved the Copernican theory with his telescope, challenged Aristotle's universe and its theological-philosophical worldview, and laid the foundations for dynamics (how objects move on the earth) and gravity.

Sunspots 40 Galileo observed sunspots that moved, indicating that the Sun was rotating on an axis and that it was not made from a perfect, unchanging substance. He observed four points of light that changed their positions around the planet Jupiter and concluded that they were moons circling the planet as it moved around its orbit. .

Galileo used his telescope to show that Venus went through a complete set of phases, just like the Moon. This observation confirmed the Copernican system and proved that the Ptolemaic system was incorrect. 41

Galileo's challenge of the Church's authority got him into deep trouble with the Inquisition Late in his life, he was forced to recant his Copernican views publicly.

Galileo l http: //www. bing. com/videos/search? q=Galileo+Anim ated+hero+classic+&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=galileo +animated+hero+classic+&sc=0 -0&sp=1&sk=#view=detail&mid=F 32 D 5 B 89564 ADB 7 CDF BFF 32 D 5 B 89564 ADB 7 CDFBF (27 minutes) 43

Scientific Method 44 l Deductive Reasoning (Plato)= Logic l Empiricism (Aristotle) = experience l Scientific Method (Rene Descartes)=

Francis Bacon l English statesman and writer l believed that by better understanding the world, scientists would generate practical knowledge would improve people’s lives

Francis Bacon (continued) Empiricism: the belief that experience is the only true source of knowledge l helped lead the development of the Scientific Method

René Descartes (1596 -1650) l French mathematician and philosopher l developed analytical geometry which linked algebra and geometry l a transitional figure between the medieval past and modern science l promoter of deductive reasoning, predicting particular results from general principles

René Descartes (continued) Discourse on Method (1637) l Descartes wished to develop a method that could be used to yield scientific truth l argued that abstract reasoning and math were a more reliable path to truth; our senses could deceive us Cogito ergo sum (“I think, therefore I am”) l

Isaac Newton l l l English scientist same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space key idea that linked motion in the heavens with motion on the earth was the law of universal gravitation “Law of Gravity” 1687 - wrote one of the most important scientific books The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

Sir Isaac Newton (1642 -1727) Newton demonstrated that the motion of objects on the Earth could be described by three new Laws of Motion and the Universal Law of Gravitation.

Newton’s First Law of Motion: An object in motion tends to stay in motion and an object at rest tends to stay at rest, unless the object is acted upon by an outside force

Air Resistance Free. Law Fall of Motion: The Newton’s Second acceleration of an object is directly pro-portional to the net force acting upon it and inversely proportional to its mass.

54 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

When he observed an apple fall from a tree, Newton thought: The apple is accelerated as it moves from the tree toward the ground. There must be a force that acts on the apple to cause this acceleration. Let's call the force gravity. If the force of gravity reaches to the top of the highest tree, might it not reach even further to the orbit of the Moon. Then, the orbit of the Moon about the Earth could be a consequence of the gravitational force. 55

Albert Einstein Newton's theory of gravitation was soon accepted without question, and it remained unquestioned until the beginning of this century when Albert Einstein (1879 -1955) shook the foundations of physics with the introduction of his Special Theory of Relativity (1905) General Theory of Relativity (1915).

The Scientific Solution Spreads I. Scientific Instruments a. Zacharias Janssen (YAHN*suhn) - eyeglasses (1590) b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (LAY*vuhn*huk) - used microscope to observe bacteria/red blood cells (1670 s) c. Evangelista Torricelli (Tawr*uh*CHEHL*ee) - developed the first mercury barometer (1643) - barometer measures atmospheric pressure

The Scientific Revolution Spreads (continued) d. Gabriel Fahrenheit - first thermometer to use mercury (1714) - freezing at 32 degrees e. Anders Celsius - created another scale for the mercury thermometer (1742) - freezing at zero degrees

The Scientific Revolution Spreads (continued) II. Medicine and the Human Body a. Galen (Greek physician) – studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals - assumed that human anatomy was the same b. Andreas Vesalius - proved Galen’s assumptions wrong - dissected human corpses - wrote On the Structure of the Human Body (1543) – detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscle

Significance of the Scientific Revolution 1. contributions of these scientists made the universe comprehensible for the first time 2. the individual became much more important; collective authority was not the source of wisdom…individual intellect was 3. after the Revolution, God was viewed by many as either a remote “master mechanic”, or his existence began to be doubted 4. began long adversarial relationship between science and religion 5. the Revolution laid the foundation for the 18 th century Enlightenment

Significance of the Scientific Revolution ** True statements about the Scientific Revolution: 1. everything was based on observation 2. people were willing to question accepted beliefs 3. it was a new way of thinking about the natural world **

Essential Question “If I have seen farther than others, ” said Newton, “it is because I have stood on the shoulders of Giants. ” Could this be said of most scientific accomplishments? Explain.

The Enlightenment in Europe Chapter Six – Section Two

The Enlightenment in Europe New ways of thinking arose in other areas. In the intellectual movement called the Enlightenment, thinkers tried to apply reason and scientific method to laws that shaped human actions. They hoped to build a society founded on ideas of the Scientific Revolution. Two English writers were important to this movement. Thomas Hobbes wrote that without a government, there would be war of “every man against every man. ” As a result, Hobbes said, people formed a social contract – an agreement – in which they gave up their rights so they could secure order and safety. The best government, he said, is that of a strong king who can force

The Enlightenment in Europe to obey. John Locke believed that all people have the rights to life, liberty, and property. The purpose of government is to protect those rights. When it fails to do so, he said, people have a right to overthrow the government. A group of French thinkers had wide influence. They had five main beliefs: (1) thinkers can find the truth by using reason; (2) what is natural is good and reasonable, and human actions are shaped by natural laws; (3) acting according to nature can bring happiness; (4) by taking a scientific view, people and society can make progress and advance to a better life; and (5) by using reason, people can gain freedom.

The Enlightenment in Europe Three French thinkers had great influence. Voltaire wrote against intolerance and criticized the laws and customs of France. The Baron d Montesquieu made a long study of laws and governments. He thought government power should be separated into different branches. Each should be able to check the other branches to prevent them from abusing their power. Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote strongly in favor of human freedom. He wanted a society in which all people were equal. The Italian Cesare Beccaria wrote about crime and justice. Trials should be fair, he said, and punishments should be made to fit the crime.

The Enlightenment in Europe women’s place in society. They urged equal rights for all men but ignored the fact that women did not enjoy such rights. Some women protested this unfairness. “If all men are born free, ” wrote one, “how is it that all women are born slaves? ” Enlightenment ideas had strong influence on the American and French Revolutions, which came at the end of the 1700 s. They had three other effects. They helped spread the idea of progress. By using reason, people thought, it is possible to make society better. These ideas also helped make Western society more secular – that is, more worldly and less spiritual. Finally, Enlightenment ideas promoted the notion that the individual person was important.

The Enlightenment l Intellectual movement of the late 17 th and 18 th centuries…a product of the Scientific Revolution l Key principles of the Enlightenment: – – – belief in human reason belief in the scientific method progress, or “easing man’s estate” l Enlightenment ideals often came into conflict with religion l blossomed in 18 th century France l the public vs. “the people”

The Enlightenment: a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

Thomas Hobbes l l l horrified by the English Civil War expressed his views in a book called Leviathan (1651) Leviathan = sea monster believed the ruler needed total power to keep citizens under control social contract: agreement by which people created a government – people act in their own self interest believed the best form of government is an absolute monarchy

John Locke (1632 -1704) l philosopher l more positive view of human nature l believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves l as reasonable beings, they had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society l Criticized absolute monarchs and favored the idea of self-government

John Locke (1632 -1704) l An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) l argues against innate knowledge l experience is the only source of knowledge; consequently, the knowledge of which we are capable is quite limited l the pursuit of happiness (the genuine business of human life) demands only that religion, morality, and science be established to a degree that permits practical progress l pursuit of life, liberty, and property

Enlightenment Ideas Spread l Enlightenment Ideas influenced everything from the artistic world to the royal courts across the continent Enlightenment Ideas Spread 1. philosophies 2. salons 3. Enlightened rulers

Enlightenment Philosopher’s Beliefs (continued) 1. Voltaire 1. free speech 2. Baron de Montesquieu 2. separation of powers between branches of government (MAHN*tuh*SK YOO) 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau 3. humans are good and the right to rule rests with the people

Enlightenment Philosopher’s Beliefs 4. Immanuel Kant 4. Reason could explain everything; a person must have faith 5. Mary Wollstonecraft 5. equal education for men and women 6. Cesare Bonesana Beccaria (BAYK*uh*REE*ah) 6. no cruel and unusual punishment

Legacy of the Enlightenment l l over a span of a few decades, Enlightenment writers challenged long-held ideas about society examined principles = need reform > divine right of monarchs > union of church and state > existence of unequal social classes l Effects of the Enlightenment > belief in progress > rise of a more secular (non-religius) outlook > rise of individualism

Essential Question Explain how the following statement reflects Enlightenment ideas: “Power should be a check to power” Write three complete sentences in the summary location on your note sheet

The Enlightenment Spreads Chapter Six – Section Three

The Enlightenment Spreads In the 1700 s, Paris was the cultural center of Europe. People came there from other countries in Europe and from the Americas to hear the new ideas of the Enlightenment. Writers and artists gathered in the homes of wealthy people to talk about ideas. A woman named Marie. Therese Geoffrin became famous for hosting these discussions. She also supplied the money for one of the major projects of the Enlightenment. With he funds, Denis Diderot and other thinkers wrote and published a huge set of books called the Encyclopedia. Their aim was to gather together all that was known about the world. The French government and officials in the Catholic Church did not like many of the ideas that were published in the Encyclopedia. They banned the books at first, but later they revoked the ban.

The Enlightenment Spreads Through the meetings in homes and works like the Encyclopedia, the ideas of the Enlightenment spread throughout Europe. The ideas also spread to the growing middle class. This group of people was becoming wealthy but had less social status than nobles had very little political power. Ideas about equality sounded good to them. Art moved in new directions, inspired by the Enlightenment ideas of order and reason. Artists and architects worked to show balance and elegance. Composers wrote music of great appeal for their creative richness. In this period, the novel became a popular form of literature. This new form told lengthy stories with many twists of plot that explored the thoughts and feelings of characters.

The Enlightenment Spreads Some Enlightenment thinkers believed that the best form of government was a monarchy. In it, a ruler respected the rights of people. They tried to influence rulers to rule fairly. Rulers followed these ideas in part but were unwilling to give up much power. Frederick the Great made changes in Prussia. He gave his people religious freedom, improved schooling, and reformed the justice system. However, he did not end serfdom, which made peasants slaves to the wealthy landowners. Joseph II of Austria did end serfdom. Once he died, though, the nobles who owned the land were able to undo his reform. Catherine the Great of Russia was another of the rulers

The Enlightenment Spreads influenced by Enlightenment ideas. She tried to reform Russia’s laws but met resistance. She hoped to end serfdom, but a bloody peasants’ revolt convinced her to change her mind. Instead, she gave the nobles even more power over serfs. Catherine did manage to gain new land for Russia, Prussia, and Austria agreed to divide Poland among themselves. As a result, Poland disappeared as a separate nation for almost 150 years.

Denis Diderot (DEE*duh*ROH) l financed by one of the most influential salon hostesses – Marie-Therese Geoffrin (zhuf*frehn) l created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essay’s l Encyclopedia – first volumes 1751

Jean d’Alembert (1717 -1783) l With Denis Diderot, edited the Encyclopedia (1750 -1765) – – – l published in 17 vols. hundreds of contributors goal was “to change the general way of thinking” The Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot contains d’Alembert’s reflections on knowledge

New Artistic Styles l The Enlightenment ideals of order and reason were reflected in the arts – music, literature, painting, and architecture l 1600 – 1700 European Art had been dominated by they style of baroque Baroque: characterized by grand, ornate designs l Late 1700 s artistic style became neoclassical (“new classical”)

New Artistic Styles l l l Music styles also changed to reflect Enlightenment Ideas Europe had been dominated by such composers as: > Johann Sebastian Bach of Germany > George Friedrich Handel of England A new, lighter, and more elegant style of music known as classical emerged > Franz Joseph Haydn > Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart from Vienna, Austria > Ludwig van Beethoven

Essential Question Which artistic Enlightenment development was most influential? Justify your answer. Write three complete sentences in the summary location on your note sheet

The American Revolution Chapter Six – Section Four

The American Revolution The British colonies in North America grew in population and wealth during the 1700 s. The thirteen colonies also enjoyed a kind of self-government. People in the colonies began to see themselves less and less as British subjects. Still, Parliament passed laws that governed the colonies. One set of laws that put taxes on the colonists. The colonists became very angry. They had never paid taxes directly to the British government before. They said that the taxes violated their rights. Since Parliament had no members from the colonies, they said, Parliament had no right to pass tax laws that affected the colonies. They met the first tax, passed in 1765, with a boycott of British goods. Their refusal to buy British products was very effective and forced Parliament to repeal the law.

The American Revolution Over the next decade, colonists and Britain grew further apart. Some colonists wanted to push the colonies to independence. They took actions that caused Britain to act harshly. These harsh responses, in turn, angered some moderate colonists. Eventually, the conflict led to shooting. Representatives of the colonists met in a congress and formed an army. In July of 1776, the announced that they were independent of Britain. They issued a Declaration of Independence that was based on the ideas of the enlightenment. From 1775 to 1781, the colonists and Britain fought a war in North America. The colonists had a poorly equipped army and

The American Revolution the British were powerful. However, in the end, they won their independence. The British people grew tired of the cost of the war and pushed Parliament to agree to a peace. The Americans were also helped greatly by aid from France. In 1783, the two sides signed a treaty in which Britain recognized the independent United States. The thirteen states formed a new government that was very weak. It struggled for a few years, but states held all the power and the central government had little. In 1787, many leaders met again and wrote a new framework of government.

The American Revolution The Constitution of the United States drew on many Enlightenment ideas. From Montesquieu, it put in effect the separation of powers into three branches of government. Each branch was able to prevent other branches from abusing their power. From Locke, it put power in the hands of the people. From Voltaire, it protected the rights of people to free speech and freedom of religion. From Beccaria, it set up a fair system of justice. Many of these rights were ensured in a set of additions to the Constitution called the Bill of Rights. Approval of these additions helped win approval of the Constitution as a whol.

____ American Revolution Objective 1. Summarize the Enlightenment’s influence on American government.

Britain and Its American Colonies l l l when George III became king of Great Britain in 1760, his North American colonies were growing by leaps and bounds the colonies were economically thriving on trade with Europe a new sense of identity was growing in the colonist’s mind the colonists had been living in North America for 150 years each of the 13 colonies had its own government and people were used to a great deal independence

America Wins Independence l l l 1754 war erupted between the French and the British on the North American continent French and Indian War – Britain won and seized nearly all French land in North America the victory led to growing tensions between Britain and its colonies Great Britain had run up a huge debt due to the war American colonists benefited from the war Britain expected them to help pay the costs of the war

Growing Hostility Leads to War l l l King George III and Parliament will pass laws against the colonists trade laws, taxing laws, etc. colonists had “no representation” in Parliament; thus they argued they could not be taxed September 1774 – representatives from every colony except Georgia gathered in Philadelphia to form the First Continental Congress Colonists protested the treatment of Boston; the king ignored them Second Continental Congress was formed to debate the next move > voted to raise an army and organize for battle > George Washington to command the army American Revolution had begun

Influence of the Enlightenment l l l l colonial leaders used Enlightenment ideas to justify independence colonists wanted same political rights as people in Britain July 1776 – Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence > based on the ideas of John Locke > argument for natural rights American Revolution begins colonists are helped by the French colonists defeat the British

Americans Create a Republic l l after declaring independence; the 13 individual states recognized the need for a national government 1781 – Articles of Confederation were established = created a republic Republic: a government in which citizens rule through their elected representatives l Articles created a weak form of government

A New Constitution and The Federal System l l l l colonial leaders recognized the need for a strong national government. February 1787 – Constitutional Convention = revise Articles of Confederation the political ideas of the Enlightenment helped the delegates create a new system of government the delegates distrusted a powerful central government controlled by one person or group established three separate branches = legislative / executive / judicial provides for checks and balances Constitution created a strong central government and set up a federal system Federal System: power divided between national and state governments

The Bill of Rights: first ten amendments of the Constitution l l Constitution and Bill of Rights both put Enlightenment ideas into practice Expressed an optimistic view that reason and reform could prevail and that progress was inevitable ** The Scientific Revolution influenced the American Revolution because questioning assumptions led to challenging ideas about government **

OVERALL: ** The greatest impact the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment had on Europe was a new middle class of thinking people prepared the people for societal revolution and change **

Essential Question Do you think the American Revolution would have happened if there had not been an Age of Enlightenment? Justify your answer. Write three complete sentences in the summary location on your note sheet

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Objective Analyze event that led Enlightenment scientists and thinkers to question old ideas and to revolutionize art, religion, government, and society