JAPAN CHINA PANAMA AND MEXICO PEKING CHINA The

JAPAN, CHINA, PANAMA AND MEXICO

PEKING, CHINA • The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty— the years 1420 to 1912. It is located in the center of Peking (Beijing). • The ancient city was closed to all foreigners until 1911. Pu Yi received one British tutor.

AMERICA & CHINA • Trade occurred between the U. S. and China as early as 1784 • Robert Morris, an American banker wanted trade for tea in the U. S. • Americans had North American Ginseng (healing root) • The Chinese wanted as few foreigners as possible in their country. They believed that China was the center of a square earth. Foreigners, they felt, had nothing but trouble to offer China. • Foreign devils! • China was strict on trade with the Western countries and allowed only one port open in 1784

CANTON, CHINA • Canton, China was located about 12 miles inland from Macao and was the center for world trade (in China). • Later named Guangzhou

CANTON, CHINA

OPIUM • British merchants began carrying opium to China, and many Americans followed suit. Opium, a drug, created its own demand by making addicts of its users. • U. S. merchants found they could buy a pound of opium in Turkey for $2. 50 and sell it in Canton for $10. 00. • A Chinese attempt to shut down the opium traffic led to war with Britain.

CHINESE OPIUM WARS • A collective term used to describe two major wars that stemmed from Chinese disputes over British trade in China • Greatly weakens the Chinese Qing Dynasty and reduces China’s exclusion from the rest of the world

FIRST OPIUM WAR • 1839 – 1842 • Fought over differing viewpoints on diplomatic relations, commerce and justice foreign nationals • Treaty of Nanking • China has to pay Britain for the war • Have to open up five new ports to the British • Cede the island of Hong Kong to the British • Remains in English hands until 1997!!!

TREATY OF NANKING 1842 • Opium War ended with a treaty that punished China and opened four more ports to British shipping. • China cede the island of Hong Kong to the British • Remained in English hands until 1997!!! • Britain would try to create monopoly again with tea for opium trade • China had to pay 21 Million for lost revenue

TREATY OF NANKING

AMERICA AND CHINA • Americans wanted in. President John Tyler sent Caleb Cushing to negotiate treaty with Chinese • America received same trade as Britain and extraterritoriality which meant Americans accused of crimes in China were to be tried by American courts only.

SECOND OPIUM WAR • 1856 – 1860 • This time it was the British and the French against the Chinese • British and French are granted permanent diplomatic presence in Beijing • China has to pay for the war again • Freedom of religion is established in China • Christianity! • Legalization of the Opium trade

TREATY OF TIENTSIN 1885 • Britain, France, Russia, and the U. S. would have the right to establish diplomatic legations (small embassies) in Peking (a closed city at the time) • Ten more Chinese ports would be opened foreign trade, • The right of all foreign vessels including commercial ships to navigate freely on the Yangtze River • The right of foreigners to travel in the internal regions of China, which had been formerly banned • China was to pay an indemnity of four million in silver to Britain and two million to France.

FIRST SINO-JAPAN WAR -1895 • Japan and China battled • Japan won • Japan received Taiwan, Laiodong Peninsula (Korean area) • World recognized power shift from China to Japan • Qing China humiliated • Rise of Nationalists Sun Yat sen 1911 revolution 1894

JAPANESE TROOPS

UNEQUAL TREATIES 1840 -1900 • Unequal treaty, The series of treaties and agreements in which China was forced to concede many of its territorial and sovereignty rights with Western imperialist powers. • Essentially, China gave up plenty of trade rights and allowed military influence in return • WEAK CHINA!

COOLIES • term for a locally sourced unskilled laborer hired by a company, mainly from the Indian subcontinent or Southern China

Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. “ 55 Days at Peking. ”

THE BOXER REBELLION • 1900 Rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society (Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists) south to free their country from Western and Japanese Influence • 100, 00 Civilians killed by Boxers in total

CHINESE REBELS CALLED BOXERS • The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers because they performed physical exercises they believed would make them able to withstand bullets, killed foreigners and Chinese Christians and destroyed foreign property.

CHINESE REBELS CALLED BOXERS • The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers because they performed physical exercises they believed would make them able to withstand bullets, killed foreigners and Chinese Christians and destroyed foreign property.

QING EMPRESS DOWAGER CIXI • On June 20, 1900, the Boxers began a siege of Beijing’s foreign legation district (where the official quarters of foreign diplomats were located. ) The following day, Qing Empress Dowager Tzu’u Hzi (or Cixi, 1835 -1908) declared a war on all foreign nations with diplomatic ties in China.

MULTINATIONAL FORCE • From June to August, the Boxers besieged the foreign district of Peking (Beijing), China’s capital, until an international force that included American troops subdued the uprising. • On August 14, after fighting its way through northern China, an international force of approximately 20, 000 troops from eight nations (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) arrived to take Beijing and rescue the foreigners and Chinese Christians.

BOXER PROTOCOL ON SEPTEMBER 7, 1901 • Boxer and Chinese government officials involved in the uprising were to be punished, foreign legations were permitted to station troops in Beijing for their defense, China was prohibited from importing arms for two years and it agreed to pay more than $330 million in reparations to the foreign nations involved.

END OF CHINESE DYNASTY SYSTEM • The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the Boxer Rebellion. • Emperor Pu Yi, last emperor of China in 1908 at the age of two • Following an uprising in 1911, the dynasty came to an end and China became a republic in 1912. • Pu Yi was locked up in the Forbidden City protected by original Manchurian guards until Chinese communists kick him out during the 1920 s • Japan would take him in and place him in charge of Manchuria (northern China) as a puppet to Japan by 1931 -1945.

EMPEROR PU YI

The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

The Open Door Policy

America as a Pacific Power

Commodore Opens Up Matthew Perry Japan: 1853 The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

TREATY OF KANAGAWA • Opens up two ports in Japan for trade with the United States • Opens up Shimoda and Hakodate • Permits the establishment of a US consulate in Japan

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908 A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U. S. Japan recognized the U. S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries. The U. S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools. 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement.

Root-Takahira Agreement: 1908 A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far East. Recognition of China’s independence and territorial integrity, and support for continuation of the Open-Door Policy. An agreement to mutual consultation in the event of future Far Eastern crises.

Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912 Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. (R-MA) Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere.

MEXICAN REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISTS • Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, participated in the long and costly conflict. • Venustiano Corranzo-Wanted a constitution for Mexico, something like the U. S. • Poncho Villa and Corranzo conflicted over Mexico (even though both were nationalists)

The Mexican Revolution: 1910 s Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered. Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta. The U. S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country. Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910 s Emiliano Zapata Pancho Villa Venustiano Carranza Porfirio Diaz Francisco I Madero

PANCHO VILLA • Mexican Revolutionary who was famous for his fight against Constitutionalists Venustiano Carranze • Also famous for his many raids into American territory and evasion of American General John J. Pershing

REVOLUTIONARY AND HERO TO MEXICO • Villa subsequently led a raid against the U. S. -Mexican border town of Columbus, New Mexico in 1916. The U. S. government sent U. S. Army General John J. Pershing sent to capture Villa in an unsuccessful nine -month incursion into Mexican sovereign territory. • The chase ended when the United States entered World War I and Pershing was called back. • Villa made an agreement with the Mexican government, following the ouster and death of Carranzo in 1920.

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism.

U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914

U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898 -1920 s

HAITI 1915 • Haitian president was assassinated. The U. S. sent 330 US Marines who landed at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on the authority of US President Woodrow Wilson to safeguard the interests of US corporations

U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898 -1920 s

HAITI 1915 • Haitian president was assassinated. The U. S. sent 330 US Marines who landed at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on the authority of US President Woodrow Wilson to safeguard the interests of US corporations

PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT 1934 • The US finally withdrew from Haiti in 1934 as part of President Franklin Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy", which stressed co-operation and trade over military force to maintain stability in the Americas.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1916 -1924 • In 1916, the US government sent U. S. Marines in to occupy the Dominican Republic, mostly because a chaotic and unstable political situation there was preventing the Dominican Republic from paying back debts owed to the USA and other foreign countries. • The U. S. led an 8 year occupation

Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys? ”

Searching for Banditos General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

Panama: The King’s Crown

PANAMA CANAL

PANAMA REVOLUTION OF 1903 • Panama Revolution of 1903 • United States government supported the separation of the isthmus of Panama from Columbia • Occurred so that the United States could build the Panama Canal

PANAMA INDEPENDENCE • President Theodore Roosevelt gave tacit approval to a rebellion by Panamanian nationalists, which began on November 3, 1903. To aid the rebels, the U. S. -administered railroad in Panama removed its trains from the northern terminus of Colón, thus stranding Colombian troops sent to crush the insurrection. Other Colombian forces were discouraged from marching on Panama by the arrival of the U. S. warship Nashville. • BIG STICK POLICY ENFORCEMENT!

PANAMA TREATIES • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850 § Britain and U. S. sign treaty for future canal (Honduras not Panama). Nothing came of this • Hay – Pauncefote Treaty 1901 • Britain and US agree that U. S. build the Panama Canal and have full control in its management and regulation • Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty 1903 • Provides the legal basis for the US construction of the Panama Canal and the creation of the canal zone (US Territory!) • US Secretary of State John Hay • Represented President T. Roosevelt (Imperialism) • Lead negotiations with Panama over the Canal

PANAMA CANAL • Almost immediately, the treaty was condemned by many Panamanians as an infringement on their country’s new national sovereignty. • Panama Canal Company constructed the Panama Canal and opened in 1914!

THE CANAL AND DISEASE • William Gorgas • An US army physician who helped eradicate Yellow Fever and Malaria from Panama so that work on the Panama Canal could proceed • Dr. Walter Reed -- • US doctor who drained swamps to suppress Yellow Fever during the building of the Panama Canal

Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

SPHERES OF INFLUENCE • Western powers asserted it’s influence in areas of economic, cultural and political interests without direct control yet were enforced with military.

Our “Sphere of Influence”

1. MONROE DOCTRINE 1823 (AMERICAN HISTORY I REVIEW) • President James Monroe • Foreign Policy • No new European colonies in the Western Hemisphere; existing colonies ok • U. S wanted to protect South America (trade, military) • War would occur if any European nation falted

Monroe Doctrine to the The Roosevelt Corollary 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.

2. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904 • Basically, the United States will intervene (military force) in Latin American affairs if the countries themselves could not keep their affairs in order • International Police Force!!!

BIG STICK POLICY • T. Roosevelt’s foreign policy. • Back up U. S. foreign policy with military force if necessary.

Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

GREAT WHITE FLEET 1907 • President T. Roosevelt ordered the United States Navy battle fleet to complete a circumnavigation of the globe from December 16, 1907, to February 22, 1909 • 16 battleships and various escorts! • Painted mainly white with red, white& blue decor • Show Patriotism/Nationalism • Many western countries did the same

3. LODGE COROLLARY OF 1912 Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. (R-MA) Republican and friend to Theodore Roosevelt European and Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere. (Japan secretly wanted to buy Baja California from Mexico)

The Cares of a Growing Family

Constable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy Ended the Russo – Japan War

RUSSO JAPANESE WAR • Fought between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea • Russians suffer a devastating defeat at the battle of Tsushuma, have to sue for peace • War ends with the Treaty of Portsmouth • President Theodore Roosevelt is instrumental in the negotiations and wins the Nobel Peace Prize. • Never actually goes to Portsmouth though • (now has a Medal of Honor and the Nobel Peace Prize!)

TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH • War ends • President Theodore Roosevelt is instrumental in the negotiations and wins the Nobel Peace Prize. • Never actually goes to Portsmouth though • Japan was recognized as a world power equal to European powers • Japan gains Korea and Taiwan as territories

JAPAN: YAMAMOTO’S SHIP NISSHIN

The Great White Fleet: 1907

THE GREAT WHITE FLEET • United States Naval fleet that completes a circumnavigation of the globe from December 16 th, 1907, to February 22 nd, 1909. • Ordered by president Theodore Roosevelt • Consisted of 16 battleships and various escort ships • Wanted to demonstrate the growing American military power and blue-water navy capability • Hoped to enforce treaties and protect overseas holdings • Think Big Stick!!!!!

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U. S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY 1900 • Big Stick Policy & Roosevelt • Americans use military ships, NAVY to enforce foreign trade and treaties. • Cuba • PI, Pacific • China

Africa

AFRICA • Meanwhile, in Africa, England, France, Germany, Italy and other industrial western countries carved up Africa! • the invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers • By 1914, 90% of Africa was under western control • The only colony the United States had claim to was Liberia which was established by the American Colonization Society on January 7, 1822.

BOER WARS • First Boer Wars 1880 -1881 • Common term for African-speaking settlers in southern Africa at the time • Britain acquired colony in 1814 • Boers wanted slavery yet Britain outlawed it. • Second Boer Wars 1900 -1902 • Lord Kitchner of Britain used scorched earth policy, concentration camps and supply control to win the war • Treaty of Vereenining signed and Union of South Africa established.

RORKE’S DRIFT 1879 • Britain had to build a bridge in South Africa • Zulu warriors headed by Shaka took 4, 500 warriors against 139 British troops headed by Lt. Chard (Engineer) and Lt. Bromhead 24 th Foot. • Previously, Zulus wiped out 1, 000 British soldiers • British defended a small post and won!

JANUARY 22, 1879 • ”It was incomprehensible to the public in Britain that 1, 000 British infantry armed with modern breach loading rifles could be overwhelmed by native troops armed principally with stabbing spears, it was astounding that a handful of the same troops could withstand the overwhelming attack delivered against the mission station later the same day. ”

BERLIN CONFERENCE 1914 • Also known as the Congo Conference or West Africa Conference regulated European colonization and trade in Africa • Eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance

• Cecil John Rhodes PC was a British imperialist, businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa.