THE SPREAD OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION JAPAN KOREA AND

THE SPREAD OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION: JAPAN, KOREA AND VIETNAM

Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What was the most important thing imported from China, one that all three countries adopted, especially among the common people? What is the native religion of Japan? What was the system of subordination to China practiced by each country called? Which area featured in this chapter was never conquered by China? Which country was least like China?

People and Places � � � Trung sisters Bushi Kyoto Japan Korea Vietnam

East Asia

Early Japan � � � � Taika(645 -710), Nara(710 -784), and Heian(794 -857) climax of sinification 646 Taika reforms the ultimate attempt Confucian ways, language, Buddhism, conscript army, and bureaucracy Aristocratic and monastic resistance Buddhist attempts to gain control- Empress Koken Rowdy monks and Heian capital change Abandoned reforms

Court Life � � � Soap opera- intrigue and gossip Strict codes of behavior Written verse valued Tale of Genji What does this say about elite Japanese women?

Fujiwara and Feudalism � � � Family influence over emperor They and monks increased land Feudalistic lords in provinces with fortresses Essentially mini-states Where else is this seen in Period 3?

Bushi and Samurai � � � Bushi(later daimyo) administered law, public works supervision, and collected revenue Samurai loyal to bushi though they would fight for the emperor Originally fought with bows, then swords Battles very ceremonial Warrior code and seppuku

Troubled Times � � � Samurai depended on the peasants so they could train and be cultured Peasantry were serfs Peasants turned to popular pure land Buddhism Bandits roamed, causing monasteries to have bodyguards Imperial household’s power declined as court families like the Fujiwara depended on the bushi

Chaos Taira and Minamoto families duke it out in the brutal Gempei Wars(1180 -1185) � Minamoto win because of more provincial allies and control the court � Chinese influence declines- No more tribute, failure of bureaucracy, and Buddhism syncretism �

Complicated Politics � � � Hojo family dominates Minamoto shoguns, who controlled emperor Ashikaga Shogunate(1336 -1573) seizes power after long civil wars As shogunate imploded, feudalism became more advanced More and more poorly trained peasant armies, causing revolts Growing merchant classes with guilds- products like silk, hemp, and paper produced by peasants Agricultural improvements like soybeans and new tools

Art and Women Except in artisan and merchant classes, women’s status declined � No inheritance and given as brides for alliances � Suicide for elite women rather than dishonor � Zen monastery influence on art, which focused on nature, even architecture �

Buddhism: World Religion

Early Korea Manchurian-descended, had farming and metal by the 4 th century B. C. E � Choson kingdom conquered by Han with an influx of settlers, small Japanese enclaves � Koguryo, Silla, and Paekche form as Han fall �

Tang Alliances � � � Koguryo began sinification- Buddhism, law code, writing, universities, bureaucracy attempt Tang used to divisions to ally with Silla against the other two Dispute, then vassal state Under Silla and later Koryo, Korea tried to become a mini Tang Tribute brought access to knowledge, goods, and culture for the elite Elite flocked to the capital, which was a model of the Tang’s

Culture Elite favored Buddhism and controlled bureaucracy � Buddhism was the center of arts and was similar to China’s version � Outdid Chinese in pottery � Improved Chinese printing �

Civilization for the Few � � � Except for Buddhism, all imports for the elite Korea exported raw materials in exchange for products for the elite Aristocrats controlled artisans and traders All lower classes were oriented to the elites’ service The lower-class revolted periodically, contributing to the fall of dynasties After the Mongols the Yi dynasty rose and ruled until 1910

Early Vietnam Lively trade of silk forest products boosted by Qin raids � The Viets conquered and blended Khmers and other ethnic groups, creating a distinct language and culture � Women had more freedom, nuclear family preferred, village autonomy, cockfights, betel nut, and Buddhism �

Han Conquest � � � Originally a vassal state, then conquered outright in 111 B. C. E. Vietnamese cooperated because they were eager to learn Confucian bureaucracy introduced with schools and examinations New agricultural techniques resulted in high population density on the Red River Adopted Chinese military styles, which was an advantage over Indianized neighbors Extended family and ancestor veneration adopted

Resistance � � � Imports didn’t affect peasantry Chinese were racist Reflected in literature Trung sisters why women were hostile Distance, few Chinese, and dynastic decline allowed for independence in 939

Independence Beginning in the Le dynasty(980 -1009) capital and bureaucracy modeled on China � However scholar-gentry never had as much power and were more local � Also competition from Buddhist monks �

Drive to the South � � � � Had to go south because of geography Encountered nude savages, who they had traded and raided before A long series of wars against Chams and Khmers Won because of Indian vs. Chinese armies Farther south they went the harder it was to control Northern vs. southern cultural identity Regional commanders became more independent Trinh and Nguyen civil war beginning at the end of the 16 th century until arrival of the French

In conclusion, there was a constant struggle in the areas around China about how to adopt Chinese culture while maintaining a local identity. This preoccupation caused them to have a limited awareness of global currents.