The Javanese Gamelan Southeast Asia Southeast Asia CultureReligion

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The Javanese Gamelan Southeast Asia

The Javanese Gamelan Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia

Culture/Religion • Great diversity • Major religions are Islam and Buddhism followed by Christianity

Culture/Religion • Great diversity • Major religions are Islam and Buddhism followed by Christianity • Before 13 th century CE, Hinduism and Buddhism • Trade, missionaries, ruling class

Indonesia • Archipelago of ~17, 508 islands • Over 238 million people • Shares

Indonesia • Archipelago of ~17, 508 islands • Over 238 million people • Shares borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Malaysia • Important trade region since at least 7 th century

Indonesia continued… • Dutch colonialism • Turbulent history • Distinct ethnic, linguistic, religious groups

Indonesia continued… • Dutch colonialism • Turbulent history • Distinct ethnic, linguistic, religious groups • Javanese largest ethnic group • “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” “Unity in Diversity”

Java • 100 million people • ~75 million ethnically Javanese • Most Muslim though

Java • 100 million people • ~75 million ethnically Javanese • Most Muslim though a minority practice • Mostly a farming society – Wet rice agriculture

Jakarta (Batavia)

Jakarta (Batavia)

Dutch East India Company

Dutch East India Company

Regional Trade Network

Regional Trade Network

Jakarta continued…

Jakarta continued…

Yogjakarta

Yogjakarta

Bank of Indonesia

Bank of Indonesia

Yogjakarta Palace

Yogjakarta Palace

Yogjakarta Palace Gamelan

Yogjakarta Palace Gamelan

Gamelan • A musical ensemble from Indonesia featuring a variety of instruments • Refers

Gamelan • A musical ensemble from Indonesia featuring a variety of instruments • Refers to a set of instruments unified by their tuning and often by their decorative carving and painting • Gamels “to strike or hammer”

Gamelan continued… • Predates Hindu-Buddhist culture that dominates earliest records of Indonesia • Developed

Gamelan continued… • Predates Hindu-Buddhist culture that dominates earliest records of Indonesia • Developed into current form during Majapahit Empire (1200 -1500) • Javanese mythology- Created by Sang Hyang Guru in Ska era 167 (c. AD 230)

Different types of gamelan Balinese Bamboo Gamelan

Different types of gamelan Balinese Bamboo Gamelan

Sundanese Gamelan Degung

Sundanese Gamelan Degung

Javanese Gamelan

Javanese Gamelan

Gamelan Tuning and Modes Laras (tuning system) Slendro: a five-note (pentatonic) tuning Pélog: a

Gamelan Tuning and Modes Laras (tuning system) Slendro: a five-note (pentatonic) tuning Pélog: a seven-note tuning Pathet (Modes)* Slendro Nem Slendro Sanga Slendro Manyura Pélog Nem Pélog Lima Pélog Barang *Modes correspond to Wayang Kulit performance: Nem from 9: 00 PM to Midnight; Sanga from Midnight to 3: 00 AM; Manyura from 3: 00 AM to 6: 00 AM.

Gamelan Musical Structure • Colotomic Structure: based upon a circular perception of time. •

Gamelan Musical Structure • Colotomic Structure: based upon a circular perception of time. • Reflects the persistence of Hindu-Buddhist conceptions of time introduced to Java during the first millennium C. E. • All instruments in the gamelan must play important structural or “auspicious” notes together. These “coincidences” carry important meaning in Javanese culture.

Gamelan Musical Structure • The sounding of the gong agung with the kenong marks

Gamelan Musical Structure • The sounding of the gong agung with the kenong marks the musical instance of the greatest weight or importance. It is at this point that the gendhing (piece) may begin or end. • Lesser points of coincidence also exist (listed in order of importance): Kenong stroke kethuk stroke Kempul stroke

Gamelan Texture Three layers: Structural: gong and kenong as well as kethuk/kempyang Balungan: basic

Gamelan Texture Three layers: Structural: gong and kenong as well as kethuk/kempyang Balungan: basic melodic content Elaboration: realizes “inner melody”

Punctuating Instruments Kempul Gong Agung & Siyem Kenong

Punctuating Instruments Kempul Gong Agung & Siyem Kenong

Punctuating and Time Keeping Instruments Kethuk Kempyang Kendhang (Played by the conductor of the

Punctuating and Time Keeping Instruments Kethuk Kempyang Kendhang (Played by the conductor of the gamelan Orchestra)

Sarons: Balungan Instruments Saron Panarus or “Peking” Saron Barung Demung

Sarons: Balungan Instruments Saron Panarus or “Peking” Saron Barung Demung

Elaborating Instruments: Melodic Leaders of the Gamelan Bonang Barung and Bonang Panarus Rebab

Elaborating Instruments: Melodic Leaders of the Gamelan Bonang Barung and Bonang Panarus Rebab

“Soft-Style” Elaborating Instruments Four Sulings (different tunings) Gender (three tunings) Gambang

“Soft-Style” Elaborating Instruments Four Sulings (different tunings) Gender (three tunings) Gambang

The Drums

The Drums

The Gongs

The Gongs

Kempul

Kempul

Kenong

Kenong

Kethuk

Kethuk

Kampyang

Kampyang

Demung

Demung

Saron

Saron

Peking

Peking

Gendèr

Gendèr

Slenthem

Slenthem

Bonang

Bonang

Lancaran bubaran Kembang Pacar, laras pélog pathet nem Balungan Level: Sarons

Lancaran bubaran Kembang Pacar, laras pélog pathet nem Balungan Level: Sarons

Lancaran bubaran Kembang Pacar, IRAMA Level: Bonang Barung

Lancaran bubaran Kembang Pacar, IRAMA Level: Bonang Barung

Lancaran bubaran Kembang Pacar, IRAMA Level: Bonang Panarus

Lancaran bubaran Kembang Pacar, IRAMA Level: Bonang Panarus