Chapter 15 Lesson 1 Physical Geography of Southeast

Chapter 15, Lesson 1 Physical Geography of Southeast Asia Pg. 466 -471

Landforms and Resources • Southeast Asia has 2 parts: 1. 2. a mainland area - Indochinese Peninsula o Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore an insular area (made up of islands)- Malay Archipelago o Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei, East Timor • Much of the land in Southeast Asia is rugged and mountainous with lots of tectonic activity • Earthquakes, volcanoes, & tsunamis are common • Typhoons (hurricanes) are also a threat to the region

Bodies of Water • The region is located between the Indian & Pacific Oceans • Seas: South China, Philippine, & Andaman Seas • ¼ of the world's trade goes through the Strait of Malacca, which links the South China and Andaman Seas • Rivers: (on the mainland) Irrawaddy, Salween, Chao Phraya, Mekong, & Red Rivers

Natural Resources • Tin, copper, lead, zinc gold, gemstones • Wood (tropical hardwoods) - teak, mahogany, ebony • Fossil fuels – oil & natural gas in Indonesia & Malaysia

Climate, Vegetation, & Wildlife • The entire region is in the tropics, with 4 climate zones: • rain forest • tropical monsoon • tropical savanna • humid subtropical • The region’s climate is determined by the sea, elevation, & monsoon winds • Monsoons – seasonal winds that bring cool, dry winters and hot, rainy summers to much of South and Southeast Asia

Flora & Fauna (plants & animals) of Southeast Asia • Flora: tropical rainforest with mangroves, 5, 000 species of orchids • Fauna: orangutans, Sumatran tigers, many other endemic species (only found in this region)

Chapter 15, Lesson 2 History of Southeast Asia Pg. 472 -479

The Ice Age in Southeast Asia • Until about 8, 000 years ago, ocean levels were lower, so much of this region was connected by land • 6, 000 years ago – people began farming (rice)

Southeast Asia: “Crossroads of the World” • Early cultures were influenced by silk & spice traders • 100: Indian traders & missionaries brought Hinduism & Buddhism • 800 -900: Islam was brought from Arabia by traders o By 1400 s – many Islamic kingdoms were founded, led by sultans (kings) o Today, Islam is the #1 religion

Western Colonization, 1500 -1600 s • Europeans traded/colonized here for spices, gold, silk, tea, coffee • Portugal: took over territory on the Strait of Malacca after sailing around Africa • Spain: colonized the Philippines by sailing across the Pacific • The Netherlands: controlled Indonesia and began the #1 traders in the East Indies

Western Colonization, 1800 -early 1900 s • France - colonies in Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, & Cambodia) • Great Britain – colonies in Burma (Myanmar) & Malaysia • Europeans built tin and coal mines and coffee, tea, tobacco, & latex plantations in Southeast Asia • Sold cheap products, so ran small artisans out of business • Built infrastructure – roads & railroads to transport crops to ports

Western Colonization • Thailand (Siam) was the only nation in the region to remain independent • Its absolute monarch (king had total control) allowed free trade with European countries • Today – constitutional monarchy & a strong economy w/ lots of manufacturing & ecotourism

Since Independence… • Many countries struggled with civil war and revolutions • Communism, genocide • Economic growth has helped many countries • Manufacturing in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, & Vietnam • Textiles & tourism in Cambodia • Oil & Natural gas in Indonesia, Malaysia, & Brunei

Since Independence… Myanmar & Vietnam • Myanmar (Burma) – has a weak economy due to a repressive military government and ethnic civil wars • Vietnam – was divided in half by the peace treaty ending their war for independence • 1950 -70 s: North (Communist) Vietnam invaded South Vietnam & the US stepped in to help the South o When the US left, the South fell to communism anyway • Since the wars, Vietnam’s economy has boomed

Since Independence… Cambodia • Was communist during the 1970 s • Cambodia’s Khmer Rouge genocide: murdered almost 2 million people (to get rid of anyone with an education!) before Vietnam stopped them • Today, most Cambodians live in poverty

Chapter 15, Lesson 3 Life in Southeast Asia Pg. 480 -485

Population & Urbanization • 635 million people in the region • Indonesia - 4 th largest population in the world (258 million) • Highly populated areas lie in the coastal plains, river valleys, and deltas • Urbanization has exploded in cities such as Manila, Philippines & Jakarta, Indonesia • Primate cities (so large they dominate the rest of their country) • High population density in cities has led to overcrowding and sprawling slums.

People & Cultures • likay plays, shadow-puppet theater • 75% of people in the region live in rural areas • Education – varies, but some countries have literacy rates below 75%

Issues in Southeast Asia • Economic growth along the Pacific Rim has brought changes to the region as well as problems and challenges. • Farming is the main economic activity; rice is the main crop • Fishing, ecotourism, finance, communication, & information technology are important economic activities • ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) was formed in 1968 to promote economic development, social progress, and cultural development in the region

Oppression & Poverty in SE Asia • Indonesia - In the past, the government has maintained control by military force & by violating human rights • Myanmar –government was controlled by the military control and limited democracy & freedom • Poverty in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, & Thailand

Fighting a Drug War in the Philippines • President Duterte has ordered the killing of thousands of people in the Philippines’ War on Drugs since his election in July 2016 • Though we have been allies, President Obama was critical of these “extrajudicial” killings

Wealthy Countries in the Region • Singapore – ($94, 100 gdp/capita): Tiny country with a busy harbor located along a trade route w/ hightech industries • Brunei – ($78, 900 gdp /capita) Oil & natural gas helped them modernize industry & agriculture and provide services for their people