Unit Four Mesoamerica and the Age of Exploration

Unit Four Mesoamerica and the Age of Exploration

Day One Mesoamerica

Standard • SSWH 8 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America. • a. Explain the rise and fall of the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca empires. • b. Compare the culture of the Americas; include government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.

First Ten • Pick up a textbook. • Turn to pages 232 -233 & 438 -239 (use a pencil or object to keep your place) • Answer the following questions using the two maps: • Pg 232 -233 • What geographical feature do most of these early American civilizations share? • Why is it likely that the Nazca & Moche were aware of one another? • How were geographic conditions different for the Olmec and the Chavin people? • Pg 438 -439 • In which part of the Americas do you think the greatest cultural interaction occurred? Why? • Which empire covered the greatest geographic area? • The Aztecs adopted the gods of other Mesoamerican cultures. Why do you think this happened? • Complete the sentences below (write the entire sentence in your warm-up) • The Olmec culture was replaced by the _______. • The Nazca culture was replaced by the ______. • The Chavin culture was replaced by the ______. • The Nazca and Moche culture was replaced by the _______.

Hook • • Beringia Interactive We will focus on the following cultures: Aztecs, Mayas, and Incan Mesoamerica is defined as: A region extending south and east from central Mexico to include parts of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua. In pre-Columbian times it was inhabited by diverse civilizations, including the Mayan and the Olmec.

Work Session • PPT Quick Notes with chart • Comparison Chart Activity

Olmec • Mesoamerica’s first known civilization builders were a people known as the Olmec. • They established themselves in southern Mexico. • Resources • • Abundant deposits of salt and tar, as well as fine clay for pottery Also wood and rubber from the rain forest. Rivers provided great transportation Flood plains of these rivers provided fertile land for farming • Abundant deposits of salt and tar, as well as fine clay for pottery • Also wood and rubber from the rain forest. • Rivers provided great transportation • Flood plains of these rivers provided fertile land for farming • The Olmec used their resources to build thriving communities

Art • Large sculpted heads found- may have represented particular Olmec rulers

Decline of Olmec • Scholars believe that outside invaders caused destruction • Others believe the Olmec may have destroyed their own monuments upon the death of their rulers

Mayans • Mayans Summed up • Complete your chart with information from the video

Maya – 200 BCE– 900 C. E civilization on the Yucatan peninsula (Mexico). Lived in the rainforest and built cities in the jungle *Gods fed on and survived on human blood– human sacrifice. Price of Blood Video *Built pyramids

Huge cities – many cities. Some with over 40, 000 people • Great architects/skilled engineers • All their cities linked trade and alliances with each other.

• Chichen-Itza – sacred Mayan religious center. . It means “at the mouth of the well of the Itza”

Brutal but brilliant • Hieroglyph writing system – • One of only five original writing systems invented. • Maya math – used zero. Used a form of decimal system = five = one

• Great astronomers - predict eclipses of sun and moon. Believed the earth moved through cycles of birth and destruction. • Mayan calendars • They are the best-documented and most completely understood calendars of their time. • December 21 st, 2012 – Mayan Day of Doom – The end of this cycle according to the Maya. • Around 900 C. E. the Maya abandon their cities and return to the jungle. No one knows why…

Possible Reason’s for their decline • Frequent warfare between kingdoms disrupted trade • Population growth creates need for more land • Over farming may have led to famine, food shortages, and disease • Cities abandoned • Invaders from the north

• Inca - 1200 -1500 C. E. 2, 500 mile long, 12 million people empire in the Andes Mountains in S. America. • Empire ruled by an emperor- believed that their ruler was a descendant from god. • Traditions and beliefs helped to unify the empire • Capital city of Cuzco • Bodyguards wore golden armor

Farmed the Andes Mts. • Lived and farmed on the sides of mountains – potatoes and corn • Terrace farming – cutting steps into mountain sides for farming.

Great road system • Road system – suspension bridges, way stations, runners to carry messages.

Coca leaf - chew for a burst of energy – like caffeine. Cocaine

All Inca cities destroyed except… • Machu Picchu – religious city in the clouds. • Not discovered until 1911. • • 50 ton blocks cut precisely Incan mummified their dead

Reason’s for their decline • Roads could be used by enemies • Civil war and Spanish arrival

Aztecs – 1200 – 1500 A. D. – warlike empire conquered all of Mexico. §Huitzilopochtli – sun and war god of the Aztecs. §Demanded constant feeding of human blood.

• Flowery Death – the honor of dying and feeding the god! • Aztecs sacrificed sometimes thousands a day. • Some were volunteers. Others were captured from war.

Aztecs conquer an empire • Obsidian swords – didn’t have metal. Made swords from volcanic rock obsidian. • Extremely sharp swords but brittle. Also wore cotton quilt armor. • Powerful military

Aztec Capital • Tenochtitlan –great capital city of the Aztecs built in the middle of a lake. Held 300, 000 people with canals for streets. • Aqueducts brought water to the city • Hundreds of pyramids to different gods. Some coated in gold! • Where present day Mexico City is

Reason’s for decline • Montezuma crowned emperor. He called for more tribute and sacrifices • Need for prisoners leads to change in warfare style that is less deadly and less aggressive • Arrival of Spanish!

Last Ten • Janus Model Activity • Directions: You will create a Janus figure that compares two of the Mesoamerican civilizations. Each side of the Janus figure must meet the following criteria: • 1. It must have different physical features in face and body paint/clothing. (15 pts) • 2. Each side must contain eight factually correct statements about the civilization. There should be two statements for each of the four topics of comparison. Those topics are government, economy, religion, and the arts. = (25 pts) • 3. Each side of the figure should be clearly marked as to what civilization is represented. (10 pts) • 4. Writing component – Provide a typed description of your Janis model providing a clear comparison between the empires. Remember a comparison should not just include differences, but also similarities. Your writing component needs a clear thesis statement. (50 points) • What is a Janus figure? A Janus figure is a body or head with two faces. See below:

Day Two Mesoamerica

First Ten • Define Mesoamerica. • What significant artifact allowed anthropologist to learn about Olmec culture? • Pick up Reading: Olmecs – Read and be ready to discuss.

Hook • Mayan Slides

Work Session • Project Workday – Chart and Janus Figure

Last Ten • Expectations for writing piece. • NOT a thesis • There were many similarities and differences between the Spanish and the Portuguese. • A THESIS! • While both the Spanish and the Portuguese relied on maritime colonies and trade to fuel their economy, their methods of conquering colonies were vastly different.

Day Three Quiz – Mesoamerica

First Ten

Hook

Work Session

Last Ten

Day Four Age of Exploration

First Ten • Should we celebrate Columbus? Pick up a reading from the chair. Read both sides and be ready to chose a side “For or Against Columbus Day. ” • Columbus Day Video - http: //www. cbsnews. com/video/watch/? id=7424664 n

Hook • Real Story of Columbus – discussion

Work Session • Find someone who had a different American civilization than you. Compare notes and ensure understanding of each civilization. (Example, if you compared Maya and Aztec, find someone who read about the Inca) • Quiz

Last Ten • Homework – Background Essay – Magellan with questions on back

Day Five Age of Exploration

Standard & E. Q. • SSWH 10: • The student will analyze the age of discovery and expansion into the Americas, Africa and Asia. • What were the causes for the Age of Exploration? • Why did Europeans colonize Asia, Africa, and the Americas? • What were the effects of colonization and expansion?

First Ten • Explain the routes of the explorers on the map: • Dias • Da Gama • Zheng He

Hook

Work Session

Causes of the Age of Exploration • In the 1100’s the Euro. crusaders fought the Muslims for the Holy Land. • When they returned they brought interesting ideas and items back to W. Euro. • In 1275 Marco Polo reached the palace of Kublai Khan in China. When he returned from Italy he brought Asian/Eastern goods back • Information/goods were also traded through the Silk Roads • The Ren. had encouraged a new spirit of adventure and curiosity. • GOLD GLORY GOD • $Mercantilism$- act of a country or nation becoming self-sufficient. • = a need for =colonies

Why go? • The promise of a new life, the hope to own land, & quick riches. • The discovery of gold, jewels, could make a quick profit. • Some went overseas because of persecution or political problems at home. Some wanted to spread their own religion. • And so the call for exploration and expansion was: God, Glory, and Gold

Silk Road

Primary Document – Marco Polo • Marco Polo's Travels • (1300 A. D. ) Latin Book 3, Chapter 4 • [The following text led to the discovery of America. These passages, written by Marco Polo, motivated Christopher Columbus to find an alternative route to the Indies. Going Eastward had become almost impossible since the Middle East was occupied by Muslims who would not allow Christians safe passage. ] “It should be understood that the sea in which the Island of Zipangu [Japan] is situated is the sea of CHIN, and so extensive is this eastern sea that according to experienced pilots and mariners, who should know, it contains no fewer than 7, 440 islands, mostly inhabited. It is said that every one of the trees which grow in them gives off a fragrant odor. They produce many spices and drugs, particularly aloes, and much pepper, both white and black. It is impossible to estimate the value of gold and other articles found in these islands. Their distance from the continent is so great, and the navigation so difficult, that vessels sailing there do not reap large profits; for they consume a whole year in the voyage.

Ibn Battuta – Part 2 Rihla • A gift of betel is for them a far greater matter and more indicative of esteem than the gift of silver and gold. . One takes areca nut, this is like a nutmeg but is broken up until it is reduced to small pellets, and one places these in his mouth and chews them. Then he takes the leaves of betel, puts a little chalk on them, and masticates them along with the betel nut. . They sweeten the breath, remove foul odors of the mouth [and] aid digestion. .

Mercantilism Political and economic changes led to overseas expansion and new economic theory called Mercantilism - Mercantilism stipulates that in order to build economic strength, a nation must export more than it imports. Theory- 1 - fixed amt. of wealth in the world 2 - larger share= taking some from another country 3 - richer a nation, the powerful

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION One of the main goals - get to Asia in order to acquire spices, silks and jewels. • produced mainly in India, China and the islands of E. & S. E. Asia. • Europeans needed advanced technology to get there

Technology Advancements • Caravel – Arab world influence – Sail effectively AND be sturdy – triangular shaped – against wind Cannon/handguns • Astrolabe http: //fc. lbpsb. qc. ca/~history/caravel. jpg – Brass circle with degrees – Calculated latitude – allowed ppl. To sail far out to sea rather than staying close to the coastline. • Compass – Invention from China http: //members. shaw. ca/michaeljmcgrath/astrolabe. jpg

Why Spain & Portugal? • Geography plays a part…. • Your thoughts?

Portugal • Portugal -1 st interested in exploration. • Prince Henry was nicknamed Henry the Navigator. He had 3 main goals for Portugal: • 1. New lands and peoples for Christianity by a crusade in Africa. • 2. Desire to acquire a share of the African slave trade that the Muslims controlled. • 3. He wanted to start trading with Asia. • Early 1400’s Prince Henry founded a school • $$$$ - navigators / captains began a series of explorations westward into the Atlantic and southward to Africa

Portugal Cont. • 1488 - Bartholomew Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern tip of Africa. • In 1498, Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa and across the Indian Ocean and returned with riches from Asia. • This discovery made it possible for Portuguese traders to bring goods directly to Europe cheaper than dealing with the Arab traders. - Cut the middle man

Spain • Spain interest in exploring. - Jealous of Portugal. Ferdinand Isabella, decided to finance Christopher Columbus an Italian navigator. • Columbus thought the world was much smaller than it actually is, and so he thought he could reach India quickly and easily by sailing west. • In August of 1492, he left Spain with three ships and crossed the Atlantic. • In October he landed on the island of San Salvador (near Cuba). • Columbus thought an island off the coast of India called the people Indians.

Columbus • As a result these islands will later be called the West Indies. • In the spring of 1493 Columbus returned to Spain to report his discoveries. • He made 3 more voyages between 1493 and 1504, and he died believing he had found lands there were near or a part of Asia.

Treaty of Tordesillas Spain and Portugal each claimed many new lands & claimed the same lands. • 1493/4 • Pope initiates the comp. • Btwn. Spain and Portugal • Line of Demarcation • West = Spain • East = Portugal http: //go. hrw. com/venus_images/0320 MC 15. gif

Other Explorers • Amerigo Vespucci • Realized the land that Columbus landed on was NOT India, but a new land. The mapmaker will name the new land after Amerigo (America) • Vasco Nunez de Balboa • First European to see the Pacific Ocean – named it the South Sea • Ferdinand Magellan • His crew was the first to circumnavigate (circle) the world – He did not make it

Spain Builds an American Empire • Conquistadors: Conquerors-Cortes and his men conquer C. America-Aztecs. (1519) • Pizarro conquers Inca 15 yrs. Later. • Spain: Central America (Mexico) mestizo • Portugal: Brazil (sugar) http: //www. vrcurassow. com/2 dvrc/discovery/ves pucci 1 b. GIF http: //www. biografiasyvidas. com/biografia/c/fotos/cortes. jpg

Day Six Age of Exploration

First Ten • Defend your top 3 from yesterday! – Explain why you chose top 3 events from the AOE. • Pick up and review quiz answers.

Hook – Columbian Exchange • Sketch the Columbian Exchange in your notes.

Work Session • Complete AOE notes • Answer Review Questions • Introduce DBQ

The Atlantic Slave Trade • European slave trade in 1500 s was LARGER than any other transportation of enslaved people • Why Africans? • Resistance to diseases • Knew how to farm • Strangers to the New World • Tobacco, Sugar, Coffee 1500 -1870: 9. 5 million slaves transported https: //www. nyhistory. org/seneca/sv 055. gif

On the next slide… • Olaudah Equiano describes his sickness and terror as an 11 -year-old captive aboard a slave ship from Africa to Barbados in 1756. • From Olaudah Equiano, “The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, ” in Henry Louis Gates, ed. , The Classic Slave Narratives (New York: Mentor, 1987), pp. 32 -37.

• The first object that saluted my eyes when I arrived on the coast was the sea, and a slave ship…waiting for its cargo. These filled me with astonishment, that was soon converted into terror…I was immediately handled and tossed up to see if I was sound, by some of the crew; and I was now persuaded that I had got into a world of bad spirits, and that they were going to kill me…I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life: so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and with my crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat…I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me…and laid me across, I think, the windlass, and tied my feet, while the other flogged me severely…In a little time after, amongst the poor chained men, I found some of my own nation…I

• They gave me to understand we were to be carried to these white people’s country to work for them. I was then a little revived…But still I feared that I should be put to death, the white people looked and acted, as I thought, in so savage a manner: for I had never seen such instances of brutal cruelty: and this is not only shown towards us blacks, but also to some of the whites themselves…I could not help expressing my fearful apprehensions to some of my countrymen…I asked them how the vessel could go. They told me they could not tell; but that there was cloth put upon the masts by the help of the ropes I saw, and then the vessel went on; and the white men had some spell or magic they put in the water, when they liked, in order to stop the vessel…While we stayed on the coast I was mostly on deck; and one day…I saw one of these vessels coming in with the sails up…when the anchor was let go, I and my countrymen who saw it, were lost in astonishment to observe the vessel stop, and were now convinced it was done by magic…At last, when the ship…had got in all

The French - Haiti • France established the colony of Saint-Domingue in 1664. • Nicknamed the "Pearl of the Antilles, " Saint-Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean. • Haiti. Ironic? • Culture

Samuel de Champlain • 1608 settles first French colony called Quebec • Est. Fur Trade w/Indians & Fishing off Nova Scotia • 1600 s Louis XIV encourages larger French settlements

Robert de la Salle • French explorer Robert de la Salle will explore the Mississippi River region and name the area in honor of King Louis XIV. • Louisiana

James Cook • 1769 lands on New Zealand • Maori- Polynesian peoples • 1770 - Australia • Used as a penal colony • 1778 - Convicts sent to empty British prisons

Zheng He • • Chinese Muslim Led 7 voyages 40 -300 ships in each voyage 27, 000 total crew; doctors, carpenters, accountants, religious leaders, interpreters • Sailed around Indian ocean showing superiority of China

Exploration Review 1. What spurred the Age of Exploration? 2. What new technology allowed for the exploration to take place? 3. Why were countries trying to get to Asia? 4. What impact did Columbus have on the world? 5. What area did the following countries explore and claim? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Portugal Spain France Britain What is mercantilism?

Last Ten • Homework – Olaudah Equiano • Documents A-C for homework

Day Seven

First Ten • I have decided that we will take our test on Monday and write our DBQ on Monday instead of today. Today we will do document analysis in preparation for our DBQ. • For your 1 st 10 – What makes a good leader? Imagine that you are a young sailor who is very interested in navigation. As a matter of fact, you even took a few classes at Prince Henry’s navigation school in Portugal. You have now been chosen to sail with a very prominent captain on a voyage to a new land. The night before you leave you are tossing and turning in your bed thinking about the trip ahead. You wonder…. what will my captain be like? List at least 5 qualities you would want your captain to embrace. What makes a good leader? (good & nice do not count in this – be more descriptive)

Did the AOE have a positive or negative impact on WH ? Positives Negatives • “Mother-countries” were self • Spain and Portugal will go sufficient into decline because they did not build extensive • There was a mass exchange manufacturing industries of goods and raw materials within their countries • Nations were prospering and • Tariffs and Taxes in turn building colonial empires and expanding to • The “mother-countries” are new territories seeing all the wealth, not the colonies; they don’t treat • Introduction to new products colonies fairly from all over the world

Work Session • • Background Essay Understanding the Question Pre-bucketing Document Analysis

Background Essay • Re-read your background essay. And complete the following annotations: • Anytime you see an individual or a date, underline it. • Anytime you see a bolded vocabulary word OR a word you do not know, highlight it. • Anytime you read something you do not understand write ? ? ? Above it. • Anytime you think the author is making a key point write !!! Above it.

Understanding the Question • See your packet: • What is the analytical question asked by this DBQ? • What terms in the question need to be defined? • Rewrite the question in your own words

Pre-Bucketing Reasons for NOT Defending Magellan Reasons for Defending Magellan Reason #1 for Defending/ Not Defending Magellan Reason #2 for Defending/ Not Defending Magellan Reason #3 for Defending/ Not Defending Magellan

Document Analysis

• • POV? Legit? Contextualization? Comparison

• • POV? Legit? Contextualization? Comparison

• • POV? Legit? Contextualization? Comparison

Last Ten • HW: • Complete Documents D and E over the weekend. • Complete “Getting Ready to Write” Bucketing – You will develop 3 reasons for defending/not defending Magellan. In your buckets place the letter of the document you will use to defend your statement. • Thesis Road Map – Use the “chicken foot” to develop a clear and analytical thesis • You may also develop an outline, but you will be required to write the essay in class on Monday. DO NOT WRITE ON YOUR LINED PAPER! • Also, review for the MC section of your test with your study guide I provided.

Day Eight Test Day

First Ten • No Notebook Check this unit (too short) • Have a sharpened pencil and be ready to test as soon as the bell rings. • You will have 30 minutes to take your multiple choice section of your exam.

Work Session • 30 minutes – Multiple Choice • When you finish, turn in your hard copy of the test and your scantron to the designated area. • You may then get out your documents in preparation for the DBQ. • 45 minutes – DBQ • You will use the allotted time to complete your DBQ on the following question: Was Magellan Worth Defending: • Reminders: • Use your paper provided in your packet. • Remember to use all of the documents (you must use at least 4 to receive full credit) • Remember to analyze the documents, not just list them • Cite documents like this: • Luis Mendoza was decapitated and quartered during the Easter Mutiny (Document B). • Not like this: • Document B said that Luis Mendoza was decapitated and quartered during the Easter Mutiny. • Try not to use direct quotes, paraphrase, but if you do, you MUST USE If you finish with your DBQ, place your packet in the basket and pick up a QUOTES. vocabulary sheet for the next unit.

Last Ten • CNN Student News if time.