Exploration and Expansion Chapter 11 Lesson 1 2

Exploration and Expansion Chapter 11, Lesson 1 -2 EQ: What factors contributed to the Europeans entrance into their age of discovery and expansion?

Academic Vocabulary: Chapter 11, Lesson 1 -2 -3 n n n n Caravel Columbian Exchange Treaty of Tordesillas (Lesson 1) Mercantilism Middle Passage Encomienda Creoles Mestizo (Lesson 2)

Technology n Compass (China) n Astrolabe (Arabs) n n Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs) Gunpowder (China)

Activity 1: Reasons for Exploration n n Read pg. 192 -93 “Motives and Means” Complete the following Reasons for Exploration 15 minutes Reason #2:

Reasons for Expansion n Trade with Asia • • • n Marco Polo Spices Cut off by Arab empires Economic and political expansion • Three G’s n n n Gold Glory – Power/Empire God - Christianity

n n Traveled down coast of Africa (Gold Coast) and over to India (spices) Prince Henry the Navigator – 1419, established a school for sailors Bartholomew Diaz – 1487, Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama – 1498, around Africa to India Portuguese

Early Spanish Exploration n Columbus (1492) • • n Queen Isabella (Spain) to support his journey Landed on Salvador Called natives “Indians” Never realized he wasn’t in Asia Magellan (1519) • • • Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain Sailed around S. America (Straight of Magellan) Named the Pacific Ocean Killed in the Philippines Circumnavigated the world http: // www. biography. com/people/ferdinand-magellan-9395202/videos/ferdinand-magellan-mini-biography-39300675603 http: //www. biography. com/people/ferdinand-magellan-9395202/videos/ferdinand-magellan-mini-biography-39300675603

Magellan’s Circumnavigation

Dividing the New World n n n Spain and Portugal each claimed land Turned to Pope for help 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas splits new territory • Brazil = Portuguese • Rest of South America = Spanish

Treaty of Tordesillas

Activity #2: Ch. 11, Lesson 1 Review Questions (pg. 196 -97) n n How were Spain and Portugal able to take the lead in discovering new lands? What were the results of Spanish and Portuguese conquest in America? Graphic Organizer pg. 192 Summarizing: Use your graphic organizer on European Exploration to write a paragraph summarizing the major explorers and the regions each nation explored?

Effects of Exploration and Expansion Chapter 11: Lesson 2

Columbian Exchange n Trade network, resulting in the exchange of plants, animals and people between Europe and the Americas. • Europe Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet potatoes, beans • Americas Received – horses, cows, pigs, sugar; ultimately disease (small pox)

Activity: Columbian Exchange : Read the Columbian Exchange (pg. 199) Answer the Guided Question: How did the Columbian Exchange affect the Americas and Europe?

New European Economic Systems n With exploration and conquest, Europeans followed two economic systems to strengthen their countries: (1)Mercantilism – mother country benefits from having colonies by exporting more than they import; the goal is to gain large amounts of gold/wealth

Activity #3: n n The African Slave Trade Geography Focus and Critical Thinking Questions

(2)Triangular Trade – Europe, Africa, Americas trade key product: African slaves n n n First Leg—carried American raw products to Europe (e. g. , cotton) Second leg of triangle— ships carrying European manufactured goods (e. g. , cloth, ) to Africa to be exchanged for slaves weapons Third leg (Middle Passage)— brought Africans to Americas to be sold.

Slave Trade n n Slavery not new to Africa • Africans are sent to Middle East for domestic work Sugarcane (Portuguese) • Changed slavery for Europeans • Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil Grew fast • 16 th century – about 275, 000 • 17 th century – over 1 million • 18 th century – over 6 million African slave traders controlled slave trade • Middle Passage: route from Africa to the Americas • Destroyed traditional African societies as demand for slaves increased

Middle Passage http: //history. howstuffworks. com/29 501 -assignment-discovery-aboutslavery-in-america-video. htm

Activity #4: Middle Passage Documents n n Work in pairs to analyze the documents. Read the quotes 1 and 4(one reads aloud the other writes down) 1. Is this a primary or secondary source? 2. What is taking place from the point of view of the author? 3. Focus on what is happening: How would you feel about what is going on? Are there any biases?

Results of European Expansion n In Europe • Economically successful • Created rivalries as countries fought over colonies n In Asia • Increased trade with Europe • Beginning of “Western dominance” n In Africa • Dramatic increase of slave trade • European influence in the African coastal areas n In the Americas • Destroyed native population • Began European dominance (Spanish)

Colonial Latin America Ch. 11, Lesson 3

Discussion : In what ways were the social classes in Latin America similar to those in Europe?

Sociedad de Castas n n n Classes resulted more from racial distinctions mixing between Europeans, Africans, and indigenous peoples. Offspring of mixed unions were seen as socially different from their parents, causing new social classes to arise. Mestizo "mixed" = European + indigenous parentage. Spanish socio-racial class system was known as a sociedad de castas ("society of castes"). In all cases, Europeans were economically dominant and able to exploit those of mixed race.

Mestizo and Castizo

Mulato and Morisco

Chino and Salta Atras

Encomienda vs. Mita n • Encomienda: Amerindians had to work for and pay tribute to Spanish landowners. n n Landowners protect the workers and instruct them in the Catholic faith (not always done) • Mita: Spanish authorities could draft Native Americans to work in mines in Peru