OCEANOGRAPHY Timeline Surface Exploration Undersea Exploration Surface Exploration
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OCEANOGRAPHY Timeline Surface Exploration Undersea Exploration
Surface Exploration 600 B. C. Phoenicians “Hug the Coast” Near-shore environs
Surface Exploration 500 -700 A. D. Polynesians Elaborate navigation system in the South Pacific 10 million square miles Used sun, planets, tides, currents as “landmarks”
Surface Exploration 900 A. D. Vikings North Atlantic Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland Use North Star for guidance
Surface Exploration 1000 Chinese Invent the compass No more than magnetized needle in bowl of water Reduced fear
Surface Exploration 1519 Ferdinand Magellan 1 st round-the-world sailing voyage Takes 2 years Straits of Magellan
Surface Exploration 1825 Charles Darwin The HMS Beagle Marine life on/near Galapagos Islands
Surface Exploration 1872 -1875 Challenger Expedition 1 st Fully scientific oceanographic expedition Salinity, temp of seawater Gives birth to Oceanography Physical, chemical, biological and geological studies
Surface Exploration 1950 Big Gov’t $$$ for Ocean Science Follows WW II $$$
Surface Exploration 1957 Russians develop Sputnik, 1 st man-made satellite Arms race w/USA $$$ even more
Surface Exploration The Future will integrate many surface systems… 2000 – Creation of “Ocean US” and IOOS: Integrated Ocean Observing System Weather forecasting, marine preservation
Undersea Exploration 1535 The Diving Bell Worn on the shoulders Stay under ~ 1 hour
Undersea Exploration 1825 William James (UK) Develops SCUBA equipment* Compressed air containers worn on a belt w Many were involved in SCUBA w SELF CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS
Undersea Exploration 1934 William Beebe & Otis Barton conduct first deep-sea dive Crude steel ball, ½ mi. down O 2 tanks inside, circulated by hand-held fans, CO 2 absorbed by chemicals
Undersea Exploration 1943 Jacques Cousteau Aqua. Lung Safety Time below Still used today, w/some improvements
Undersea Exploration 1951 Mariana Trench 7 mi down Challenger II (UK) Used sound waves = sonar
The Trieste prepares to dive: January 23, 1960
Undersea Exploration 1964 Alvin is launched Avoid the crushing pressure, darkness, temperature of deep sea exploration
Undersea Exploration 1976 Clelia is launched Flat bottom Better hovering ability Greater visibility More maneuverable
Undersea Exploration 1976 – Alvin discovers… Hydrothermal Vents Cracks in ocean floor Extreme environment Poisonous 400 ⁰ C WATER!
Undersea Exploration Today LEO Long-term Ecosystem Observatory And …… MORE SEAGLIDERS !
- Submarine cable damage
- Undersea warfare conference
- Nato undersea research centre
- What is oceanography
- Oceanography
- Chemistry oceanography
- Essentials of oceanography
- Oceanography
- Fleet numerical meteorology and oceanography center
- Scripps institute of oceanography
- University of hawaii oceanography
- Essentials of oceanography
- Chapter 15 physical oceanography
- Oceanography
- Oceanography
- Oceanography
- Oceanography
- Chapter 15 physical oceanography
- Chemistry oceanography
- сплит institute of oceanography and fisheries
- Oceanography
- Chapter 15 physical oceanography
- Chemistry oceanography
- History of oceanography