Imperialism Imperialism is the creation andor maintenance of

Imperialism: Imperialism, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination. " Imperialism not only describes colonial and territorial policies, but also economic and military dominance and influence.

Age of Imperialism The Age of Imperialism was a time period beginning around 1870 when modern, relatively developed nations were taking over less developed areas, colonizing them, or influencing them in order to expand their own power. Although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years, the term "Age of Imperialism" generally refers to the activities of nations such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United States in the early 18 th through the middle 20 th centuries,

The United States as "the world's police" policies such as Woodrow Wilson's mission to "make the world safe for democracy"

• Pro-Imperialism • “…Whether they will or no, Americans must now begin to look outward. The growing production of the country demands it. And increasing volume of public sentiment demands it…” • - Alfred T. Mahan • “But today we are raising more than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use. • Today our industrial society is congested; there are more workers than there is work, there is more capital • than there is investment. We do not need more money – we need more circulation, more employment. • Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our

"The White Man's Burden"

• Anti-Imperialism • "For Europe to rule Asia by force for purposes of gain, and to justify that rule by the pretence that she is civilizing Asia and raising her to a higher level of spiritual life, will be adjudged by history, perhaps, to be the crowning wrong and folly of imperialism. What Asia has to give, her priceless stores of wisdom garnered from her experience of ages, we refuse to take; the much or little which we could give we spoil by the brutal manner of our giving. This is what imperialism has done, and is doing, for Asia. "

Effects of Imperialism • • • Positive new roads & railroads telegraph & postal systems irrigation systems improve farming education new laws = justice for all classes • • • Negative resources go to overseeing power cash crop replacing local goods top jobs go to overseeing power Natives treated as inferiors replacement of local customs and beliefs w/ new

Social Darwinism in World Affairs • Many contended that nations or races struggled constantly for existence and only the fittest could survive. • Strong nations would dominate weak ones • John Burgess flatly stated that Anglo-Saxon possessed the highest political talents. therefore it was their duty to uplift the less fortunate peoples, even to force superior institutions on them if necessary.

Reasons for Imperialism • • • New Markets Raw materials Social Darwinism Naval Bases to defend trade routes desire for prestige & power security spread Christianity spread democracy over population = need for resources cash crops Cheap labor force

Political reasons Economic reasons Reasons to become an imperialist nation Moral reasons Militaristic Reasons

Hawaii • Hawaii = Self-sufficient society = agricultural & fishing • Americans brought disease: decimating half the pop. • Sugar cane plantations --> American Investors • --> sugar production boomed --> influence of Americans increased • • U. S. officials demanded control of Pearl Harbor in exchange for tax-free status of Hawaiian sugar Many Natives did not want to become apart of the U. S.

Long Term Effects • Transportation, education, and • • • medical care improved nationalist Movements Competition for empires leads to war Industrial nations control new global economy

Nationalism • national pride or loyalty • emphasizes collective identity - a people who are autonomous, united, and express a single national culture

Isolationism • national policy of avoiding involvement in the affairs of other nations

Exit Ticket • To justify their policies, the new American expansionists of the late 1800 s offered all of the following • reasons except • A) strong nations were destined by natural law to dominate weak ones • B) the United States had a duty to spread its superior institutions to less civilized people • C) the United States should try to create a community of nations to guarantee world peace • D) a strong navy was the key to becoming a great nation, and colonies would serve as bases for such a navy • E) selling goods in foreign nations would bolster the economy

Humanitarianism • Americans were outraged by the • • • treatment of Cubans Placed in concentration camps to prevent them from joining the revolution against Spain 200, 000 died from hunger and disease Gen. Valeriano Weyler: "The Butcher"

The Spanish Navy 1880 -1920 • • Spain's decline as a world power in the 19 th century was marked. As prosperity flooded the industrializing parts of Europe, Spain falls behind, without the $ to invest in great fleets. Europe's once leading power, could no longer compete as late as the 1880's, Spain was still building her cruisers of wood and even her 1 st steel ship

U. S. S Maine • • The Maine was sent to Cuba early in 1898 to protect American lives and interests on the island, where the local insurgents were on the victory over the Spanish Empire. o at first the Maine's presence in Havana had exacerbated relations w/ Spanish authorities; but things eventually calmed down. Feb 15, 1898 the Maine exploded. the explosion blew out the bottom of the ship, breaking her in two and sinking within 10 min. 226 American servicemen were killed This gave the war hawks in US gov what they were looking for: By March, the march to war was complete

Private Letter from Spanish Ambassador • • • Within weeks of the sinking of the Maine, intelligence operatives intercepted a private letter between the Spanish Ambassador to the United States and a friend in Havana, Cuba. The letter disparaged U. S. President Mc. Kinley, and hinted at plans to commit acts of sabotage against American property in Cuba. The letter was published by several newspapers, further agitating public opinion. On April 19, 1898, Congress resolved to end Spanish rule in Cuba.

War Declared • (Sinking of the U. S. S Maine, Feb 15, • • 1898) Spain declares war on US, April 23, 1898 US declares war on Spain, April 25

Yellow Journalism • • • In Havana, Hearst press illustrator Fredric Remington cabled New York that there was no action to illustrate. W. R. Hearst cabled back, "you provide the pictures and I'll provide the war. " Remington obliged with lurid sketches With the of the Maine, yellow journalist were quick to blame Spain for the incident. Newspapers headlined: "Remember the Maine - To Hell with Spain. " Spain stood convicted of sabotage by public opinion

Spanish Response to the Revolt in Cuba • • • exiled many leaders of the independence movement soldiers to battle rebels sent Weyler to put down revolt Major Causes of the Spanish-American War American Intervention in Spanish-Cuban Affairs • • • Imperialist ambitions humanitarian sympathy for the rebels the destruction of the U. S. S. Maine

Battle of San Juan Hill • • decisive battle of the war. one of the bloodiest and most famous San Juan Heights was a north-south elevation, with Spanish hill-top entrenchments: making return fire more difficult for the Spanish Also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders Roosevelt was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions

"A Splendid Little War" • • • In August, an armistice ended the fighting War lasted four months Under the terms of the armistice, Spain recognized the independence of Cuba Spain also ceded Puerto Rico and the pacific islands of Guam to the US December, Treaty of Paris officially ends the war

Outcome - U. S. • Conclusion will help to maintain peace • • and protect life and property in Cuba Must release all prisoners of war must agree to mutual shipping rights for Spain

Outcome - Spain • Must give up all claims to Cuba • Must give the U. S. control of Puerto • Rico and Guam Spanish citizens are free to stay in Cuba

Outcome - Cuba • Platt Amendment --> makes Cuba a protectorate of the U. S. o Could not sign any treaty that would threaten its independence (in effect giving the US control of Cuban foreign policy) o Gave US the right to intervene to preserve independence, life, and property. o U. S. Naval base at Guantanamo Bay • Left Cuba with nominal political

Outcome - Puerto Rico & Philippines • Puerto Rico - Under control of the US • Philippines - sold to the US for 20 million

Exit Ticket • The Platt Amendment, incorporated into the Cuban constitution, gave Cuba • A) full independence • B) economic independence • C) nominal political independence • D) an American colonial government • E) an equal partnership with American interests

Seizing the Philippines • • • Commander of the Navy's Pacific squadron, George Dewey, attacked the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines US Navy completed destroyed the aging Spanish fleet stationed there. only 1 American sailor died in the battle (of heatstroke). Dewey instantly became the first hero of the war Months later, the city of Manila was surrendered. What had begun as a war to free Cuba was becoming a war to strip Spain of its colonies. Yet there was no plan as to what the US would

Annexation of the Philippines • • • Mc. Kinley was reluctant to annex the Philippines, but ultimately decided to accept responsibility for the islands. US paid $20 million for the islands Returning them to Spain would be "cowardly & dishonorable, " turning them over to another imperialistic power would be "bad business & discreditable, " and granting the islands independence would be irresponsible. For the were "unfit for self government. " only solution = educate & Christianize the Filipinos

The Philippine War • • • In the midst of the US trying to educate & Christianize the Filipinos, insurgent forces began fighting for independence One of American longest and bloodiest wars; lasted 4 years; resulted in 4, 300 American deaths (nearly 10 x the amount killed during the Spanish American war) along with an estimated 50, 000 Filipino natives US soon found themselves drawn into the same pattern of brutality that had outraged so many Americans when Weyler had used them in the Caribbean

The Philippines War • Captured Filipinos guerrillas were not • • treated as prisoners of war, but as murderers --> executed. entire communities were evacuated - the residents forced into concentration camps while US troops destroyed their villages, farms, crops and livestock. Orders were given "to kill everyone over the age of 10. " the rebellion has eventually exhausted itself

Governance of the Philippines • 1901, US military transferred authority over the • • • islands to William Taft --> 1 st civilian Governor Taft announced that the American mission was to prepare the Philippines for independence, and he gave the Filipinos broad local autonomy US built roads, schools, bridges & sewers; instituted major administrative and financial reforms; & established a public health system. 1946 the islands finally gained their Independence

John Hay's Open Door • • • business policy in China equal trading rights for all Everyone agreed. Besides China. Boxer Rebellion • Chinese martial-arts society with nationalist convictions launched a revolt against foreigners in China.

Panama Canal • Reasons o provide mobility for the Navy o protect US colonies o Increase trade with the far east

Roosevelt Corollary • Extension of the Monroe Doctrine o • • Doctrine cast the US as protector of the Western Hemisphere "Chronic wrongdoing. . . in the Western Hemisphere. . . may force the United States. . . to the exercise of an international police power. " US should restore law and order around the world

Big Stick Policy - Roosevelt • "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you • • will go far. " Use whatever means necessary to defend our interests by the use of force Tour of the "Great White Fleet". Circumnavigated the globe in 1907. This was to demonstrate America's growing military might

"Dollar Diplomacy" - William Taft • Expanded US influence in Latin America and protecting US interests • encouraged US banks & corporations to invest $$ into the Caribbean. Replacing European loans w/ American ones o thus keeping European countries out

Moral Diplomacy - Woodrow Wilson • • • The president hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure, only supporting Latin American governments that were democratic or otherwise supported United States interests. By refusing to support non-democratic countries, he hoped to hurt them economically and thus force them into submission. "the force of America is the force of moral principle. " Moral Diplomacy encouraged the spread of human rights and the development of "constitutional liberty" throughout the world.

Review • Nationalism: devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation • Imperialism: nation building – extending political control over various people of the world • Militarism: development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy

What were the causes of WWI? • World War I was the biggest war the world had ever seen. Nearly 10 million soldiers died. New war technology was partly responsible for this devastation. Before the war, no European country held power over the others. Instead, two groups of nations - the Central Powers and the Allies - kept a kind of balance of power. the nations made many complicated, and sometimes secret, agreements to help defend each other. When any country threatened another, all were involved. • The Archduke Franz Ferdinand was in line to be the ruler of Austria-Hungary. In June 1914 he was visiting Bosnia, when a terrorist from Serbia shot and killed him. That bullet started it all. • Austria-Hungary (a Central Power) responded by declaring war on Serbia (one of the Allies), and the other nations of Europe began honoring their agreements.

M. A. N. I. A - causes of WWI • M - Militarism: build up of armed forces • A - Alliances: § § The Allies - France, England, Russia The Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary • N - Nationalism: pride in your country. National interest 1 st • I - Imperialism: extending authority over another country • A - Assassination: June 28 th, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed

Neutrality & partiality • Wilson called on American’s to remain “impartial in thought as well as deed” • However, many American’s were not. Many sympathized with Britain, such as Wilson, who admired England along with its traditions, its culture, and political system. These ideals would sway many American’s to side with the Allies. Lurid reports of German atrocities in Belgium and France, skillfully exaggerated by British propagandists, strengthened the hostility of many Americans toward Germany and the Central Powers

Economic Ties • To prevent Germany from obtaining munitions and supplies, Britain placed a Naval blockade on Germany. • As a neutral, America, in theory, could continue to trade with Germany. However a truly neutral response would be to stop trading with both Germany and Britain. • Ultimately America ignored the blockade and continued trading w/ Britain. In doing so, by 1915, America gradually transformed itself from a neutral power into the arsenal of the Allies

Unrestricted Sub warfare • German U boats interfered with freedom of seas. Announced enemy vessels would be sunk on sight • Attacked US merchant ships • 1915 – Sinking of the Luisitania

Sinking of the Lusitania • May 1915, a German submarine sank the • • British passenger liner without warning 1, 198 people perished, 128 were American It later became clear that the Lusitania was in fact not only carrying passengers but munitions as well But most Americans considered the attack what T. Roosevelt called it: “an act of piracy” Sussex pledge – Germans promised to warn ships

Zimmermann Telegram • After months of inconclusive warfare in the trenches with • • • France, Germany decided on a risky plan February → the British gave Wilson a telegram →intercepted from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, to the Mexican government. proposed that if America joined the war, the Mexicans should join with Germany German’s promised that Mexico would regain their “lost provinces” Widely publicized by British propagandists & American press, the telegram inflamed public opinion & helped build popular sentiment for war April → Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of War

Exit Ticket • The Zimmermann telegram stirred up anti-German sentiment in the United States because it revealed German plans to A) destroy the Panama Canal B) deploy submarines along the Atlantic coast of the United States C) return to Mexico her lost provinces in the American Southwest in exchange for a Mexican declaration of war on the United States D) recruit German and Irish-Americans for use as spies and saboteurs in the United States E) subvert the Open Door policy in the Far East • • •

Homework • Choose 2 new technologies that were introduced in WWI that you feel are the most influential in the transformation on modern warfare • Explain what each item is: what it is, who invented it, who first used it, how many countries used it during the war? • What were the pro’s & con’s with its use? • How did it forever transform warfare? Do we still use it today?

Warm-Up • Identify and explain the 5 major causes of WWI? • Why was the U. S. partial to Great Britain? and how did this affect our economic ties with them and Germany? • • In reference to President Wilson's address to Congress, what were his reasons/justifications for America to join WWI? The German government believed that the sinking of the Lusitania was a legitimate act because the ship was • A) given ample warning • B) sailing into German waters • C) armed with deck guns • D) trying to blockade German food supplies

Military Service • as hostilities in Europe began to suggest the horrible possibility of war, many U. S. leaders began thinking about how to prepare the military for a large-scale conflict. Some such as t. Roosevelt advocated compulsory military training for all American men. It was argued, "the volunteer system is not dependable because of the uncertainty as to returns, and in any case because of lack of time for training and organization. " Others argued against compulsory service. Max Eastman, editor of the Masses: "for my part I do not recognize the right of the government to draft me to a war whose purpose I do not believe in. but to draft me to a war whose purposes it will not so much as communicate to my ear, seems an act of

Selective Service Act • • • President Wilson & the Secretary of War decided on a national draft, immediately following our declaration of war (1917) the draft brought nearly 3 million men into the military another 2 million joined voluntarily collectively they formed the American Expeditionary Force The AEF was the most diverse fighting force the U. S. had ever assembled --> women permitted to enlist --> over 10, 000

Draft Eligibility • • Eligible & Liable for Military service: unmarried registrants with no dependents. Married registrants with one or more dependent children over 16 with sufficient family income. Temporarily deferred, but available for military service: Married registrants with dependent spouse and / or dependent children under 16 with sufficient family income Exempt: Local officials, Registrants who provide sole family income for dependent parents and / or siblings under 16, Registrants employed in agricultural labor or industrial enterprises essential to the war effort. Ineligible: State or Federal officials, Members of the clergy, Registrants who were deemed either medically disabled or "morally unfit" for military service, Enemy aliens.

Conscientious Objectors • In the United States during World War I, conscientious objectors were permitted to serve in noncombatant military roles. About 2000 absolute conscientious objectors refused to cooperate in any way with the military. These men were imprisoned in military facilities such as Fort Lewis (Washington), Alcatraz Island (California) and Fort Leavenworth (Kansas). Some were subjected to treatment such as short rations, solitary confinement and physical abuse severe enough as to cause the deaths of two draftees.

U. S. enters the War • • • American intervention had its most immediate effect on conflict at sea. Britain --> vast loses by German U-boats --> 1 in 4 British ships never returned within weeks, America turned the tide--> U. S. ships destroyed U-boats and escorted merchant vessels across the Atlantic Sinking of Allied ships had = 900, 000 tons in April 1917 --> by October 1918, declined to 112, 000 No American ship was lost at sea during WWI

African American Soldiers • • nearly 400, 000 black soldiers enlisted or were drafted into the Army and Navy (Marines would not accept them) served in segregated regiments, under white commanders most were assigned to noncombat duties but some black units fought valiantly in the great offensives of 1918

• Life in the Trenches frequently shelled & even when calm were muddy, cold, polluted, and infested with rats and lice. • some men lived in the trenches for months or even years • ate mostly rotten food trench foot shell shock: psychiatric illness resulting from injury to the • • • nerves during combat. U. S. made it possible for the Allies to break out of their entrenchment positions and advance against the German's --> by July the Allies had halted the German advance and were beginning a successful offensive of their own

Death Toll • • about 5 Million Allied soldiers about 3. 5 Million Central Power soldiers 20 million injured devastated an entire generation of men o o in France, for example, 90% of the healthy young men had served in WWI. More than 7 out of 10 of these men were killed or wounded 116, 000 Americans killed. 200, 000 wounded

Warm-up (Quiz) • 1. How did trench warfare influence the war? • -pro's & con's • -result • 2. What was the American Expeditionary Force? • 3. How did America's enter into the war change the course of the war? • -how did the war change?

Aim: How did WWI affect the US at home? • How has the War in Iraq changed your life? • ie: USA PATRIOT Act. Uniting (and) Strengthening America (by) providing Appropriate Tools Required (to) Intercept (and) Obstruct Terrorism. 2001 • Passed in the House by 357 to 66 and the Senate by 98 to 1 and was supported by members of both parties

World War I was a TOTAL WAR • • • The entire country “goes to war” Military Draft All citizens do their part rations, Victory Gardens, Liberty Bonds All businesses focus on production for the war o •

Propaganda • • in 1917, Wilson commissioned the establishment of the Committee on Public Information --> led a propaganda campaign to encourage the American public to support the war fact-based to present upbeat version of the war --> raw propaganda that depicted Germans as evil monsters CPI pamphlets warned citizens to be on the look out for spies led to strong anti-German sentiments --> German books disappeared from library bookshelves, no more German in schools, no more German music, publicly humiliated people of German heritage by forcing them to kiss the flag, recite the Pledge of Allegiance, and buy war bonds --> 100% "Americanism"

Economy & Industry • • • War Industries Board –allocated raw materials, eliminate waste, expand production Food Administration – increase output, wheatless and meatless days Fuel Administration – increase production of fuel and oil Rations - butter, salt, meats, milk, heat Financing the war = Liberty Bonds (low-interest loans by civilians to the Gov't) – WWI cost $35 Billion. Americans helped pay $21 billion through war bonds

Children in the War Effort • • • children & young adults volunteered both money & labor to help win the war contributed money they would earn on side jobs to purchase war bonds some 2 million boys & girls joined the US Garden Army & grew $480 Million worth of produce New York passed laws so that 12 year old children could miss up to 7 months of school in order to work on farms. Boys 16 and older were let out of school to help plant wheat crops during the spring and

• • • Punishing Sedition Espionage Act (1917)--> penalties for obstructing war effort. o notify the justice dept when you encounter men "who spreads the pessimistic stories, cries for peace, or belittles our efforts to win the war. " Schenck vs. US (1919) –> Charles Schenck was a critic of the war. Arrested under Espionage Act o **Clear and Present Danger to the US** Sedition Act (1918) –> punished anyone who spoke or wrote against the war or the president

Woman, Minorities & Labor • Began to replace men in jobs • labor shortage strengthened unions and • • brought about changes in the workforce African Americans migrate north for jobs --> Great Migration Opportunities not there after the war

End of the Great War • the armistice between the Allied and Central powers • • went into effect on the 11 th hour, of the 11 th day of the 11 th month of the year (1918) about 5 Million Allied soldiers about 3. 5 Million Central Power soldiers 20 million injured devastated an entire generation of men o o in France, for example, 90% of the healthy young men had served in WWI. More than 7 out of 10 of these men were killed or wounded 116, 000 Americans killed. 200, 000 wounded

14 points: Wilson’s Plan for Peace • End secret alliances • specific recommendation for adjusting • • postwar boundaries Restore freedom of the seas Reduce arms Austria Hungary decide their own fate Association to secure world peace (League of Nations): goal was to

Treaty of Versailles • • tied up the loose ends of the war Germany admit responsibility for war Pay $56 billion to pay for damages to civilians Dissolve Austria Hungary Germany lost colonies occupation of Germany by the Liies Free trade

Why did US reject the Treaty • • • US did not agree with Article 10 Felt it could drag us into future wars Senate supported ISOLATIONISM