INDIAN MYTHS Onondaga The Earth on Turtles Back

INDIAN MYTHS Onondaga “The Earth on Turtle’s Back” Modoc “When Grizzlies Walked Upright” Navajo from “The Navajo Origin Legend” Iroquois from “The Iroquois Constitution” Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS Updated 9 -3 -19 1

Indian Myth • Oral Tradition- America’s earliest form of literature • Stories were spoken aloud rather than written down. • Winter Count= sacred symbols drawn on tanned hides, embroidered with beadwork, complicated designs pg 2 • Indian rugs, Blankets, and Songs Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 2

Indian Myth • Origin Mythexplains how life began Passed down from generation to generation, include Customs, institutions, or religious rites Natural landmarks such as a great mountain Events beyond people’s control • Oral tradition is a way of documenting our human experience and our interactions with the world. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 3

Onondoga 4 Indian Tribes Navajo • • • The Earth on Turtle’s Back 5 Member Nation Part of the confederacy From central NY, Canada, (French) Hospitable, friendly, non-violent Lived in villages of wood and bark long houses, • Extended families • • • Modoc Iroquois • • When Grizzlies Walked Upright From Oregon and N. California Farmed, hunted, fished, & weaved Revolted, Hostile Followed Captain Jack Moved to Oklahoma Since disbanded Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of Largest tribe in the USA From Arizona, Utah, New Mexico Earth Log home Intermarried w/ Pueblo people Fierce/warriors, hunters, farmers, weavers • • • The Iroquois Constitution From central NY Organized rules of government Promoted peace Followed Dekanowidah, 16 th C mystic & prophet • Part of the Five Nations • Tribe still exists 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 4

Vocabulary- Indian Myth pg 17 • Ablutions Cleansing the body as part of a religious rite • Protruded Jutted out • Confederate United with others for a common purpose • Disposition An inclination or tendency • Deliberation Careful consideration Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 5

Additional Vocabulary Builder • Acquittal- Cleared of charges • Slander- Smear, Insult, Spoken Lies • Libel- Defamation, Written Lies • Eloquence- Expressive, articulate, smooth talker • Winter Count Buffalo hide that displays important experiences Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS Updated 9 -3 -19 6

Native American Tradition • Folklore- songs, lyrics, hero tales, migration legends, creation stories • **Emphasized respect of nature • Tales and chants celebrate the wonders of the natural world • Oral tradition has***No fixed version • Famous orators – Logan, Red Jacket Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 7 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS

Early American History • No one knows when or how the first Native Americans (Indians) arrived Meeting of Cultures • Various types of Indians Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 8

Early American History • How did the early settlers cope with these harsh conditions? First settlers relied on their religion, family, and their community in order to survive, and especially the Native Americans helped the settlers adapt—teaching them about agriculture and woodcrafts. Maize, Beans, Squash, Maple Sugar, Snowshoes, toboggans, and birch bark canoes Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 9

Oneida Indians • Oneida Indians lived in NY, Canada • Raised corn and formed permanent settlements • Extended families. Lived together in longhouses • Chief Shikellamy. Powerful, friendly, • Cordial relations with settlers Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 10

Onondaga Indians • Northeastern United States • The Onondaga tribe originally lived in NY, many still live there today, though others fled to Ontario, Canada in the 1700's. • Men were in charge of hunting, trading, and war. • Women were in charge of farming, property, and family. • These different roles were reflected in Onondaga government. • Onondaga clans were ruled by women, who made the land resource decisions for each clan. • Chiefs, who made military decisions and trade agreements, were always men. • Only men represented the Onondaga Nation at the Read pgs 16 -31 Do 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN 11 Iroquois Great Council. questions 20, 28, all of MYTHS

The Earth on Turtle’s Back Onondaga – Origin Legend • • • Chief’s wife dream Chief, you must make a dream come true Tree Wife falls in Animals/Nature **Number Twelve (12) is used to indicate a year, a complete life cycle, or long period of waiting. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 12

The Earth on Turtle’s Back Onondaga – Origin Legend • Emphasizes animals in myth – Duck – Beaver – Loon – Muskrat – Swan – Turtle Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 13

Modoc Indians • • Frequent conflicts with white immigrants, Both sides many atrocities, Unfortunate reputation. In 1864 the Modoc joined the Klamath in ceding their territory to the United States and removed to Klamath reservation. • They seem never to have been contented, however, and made persistent efforts to return and occupy their former lands on Lost River and its vicinity. • In 1870 a prominent chief named Kintpuash, commonly known to history as Captain Jack, led the more turbulent portion of the tribe back to the California border and obstinately refused to return to the reservation. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 14

Modoc Indians • • • Oregon and Northern CA Weavers Each village was independent Relocated Oklahoma Captain Jack Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 15

When Grizzlies Walked Upright Modoc • Origin of all Native American People • Chief of the Sky Spirits- home is in the mtns • Daughter disobeys father and then she meets and marries a bear, and starts a new race. • Bears walk on 2 legs, and can speak • Father is furious, he curses the bears, to walk on all four legs, and silences them • Her children are ancestors of the N. A. I. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 16

Navajo Indians • The Navajo reservation is currently the largest in the United States. It has over 140, 000 people with 16 million acres most of which are in Arizona. • They still weave from wool and use natural vegetable dyes for color. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 17

The Navajo • The largest tribe of N. A. • Ancestors lived in Northwestern Canada and Alaska. • Lived in homes called hogans. • Weaving- blankets, rugs • Stole horses , Raised crops, Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 18

Navajo Indians • The largest tribe of North American Indians. • Long ago, the ancestors lived in Northwestern Canada and Alaska. • The Navajo Indians lived in homes called hogans. They are made from wooden poles, tree bark, and mud. The doorway opened to the east so they could welcome the sun. • Weaving- blankets, rugs • Raised crops (plant corn, beans, squash, and melons. ), sheep, horses, and traded in towns Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 19

The Navajo Origin Legend Ears of corn becoming men and women explains the centrality of this crop in Native American culture Corn is central to Navajo life; the culture associated the wind with life **Represents the first marriage Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 20

The Navajo Origin Legend • Opens with an image of the spirit men and women drying themselves with cornmeal. • They call upon the gods who appear carrying ears of corn. ***The Navajo people value and rely on a sense of order and ritual in life. • Wind provides breath, creates life, it is magical Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 21

Iroquois Indians • Lived in Central NY and the northeaster USA • Mystic – Dekanawidahurged people to stop fighting • **Democratic • Leaders elected • Self-governed bodies Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 22

Iroquois Confederation of Five Nations • Mohawk • Oneida • Seneca • Cayuga • Onondaga Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 23

Iroquois Indians • Village consisted of two or more longhouses. • The village was moved every 10 to 15 years because crops no longer grew well. • **The longhouse was large enough to hold a family of 30 to 60 people. • It could be 25 to 150 feet long. • An open space was left at the top for smoke to escape. • A door was built at the end of the long house. The door was covered with a curtain made from animal skins. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 24

from The Iroquois Constitution • Trees and fire symbolize strength and community to Iroquois; • The Iroquois prize (respect) peace, obedience, honesty, patience, and goodwill • Constitution- cooperation, respect, leadership • Constitution is like America’s constitution, it is the blueprint for the government Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 25

Questions pg 20 • 1. if you had been the Great Chief, would you have pulled up the Great Tree? Explain. • 2 a. Explain what happened to the wife of the chief when the young men uprooted the Great Tree? • 2 b. Why did this action generate concern among the animals? Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 26

Questions pg 20 • 3 a. Describe the actions of the swans, the beaver, and the duck. Each animal attempts (and fails) to dive deep enough to retrieve some earth. • 3 b. How do these actions exhibit the best aspects of human nature? As they take these actions, the animals exhibit concern, kindness, generosity, and heroism. None of the animals are fearful or selfish. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 27

Questions pg 20 • 4 a. Whom do the Onondaga credit with bringing Earth into existence? The Onondaga credit the animals of the water, as well as the Sky Woman in bringing Earth into existence. • 4 b. From this myth, what can you conclude about the relationship between the Onondaga and their natural environment? Explain. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 28

Questions pg 20 • 5. Muskrat makes a risky and desperate swim. How does society benefit from brave actions like this? Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 29

Questions Page 25 • 1. What words would you use to describe the images in these tales and the impression they made on you? • 2 a. What do the grizzly bears do that angers the Chief of the Sky Spirit? • 2 b. What does his reaction tell you about him? Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 30

Questions Page 25 • 3 a. What punishment does the Chief of the Sky Spirits levy (impose/place) against the grizzlies? • 3 b. How does this action affect his grandchildren, the people of the Earth? Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 31

Questions Page 25 • 4 a. Identify the stages of the Navajo creation ceremony. First Stage: the spirit people cleanse and dry themselves and call forth the gods. Second Stage: Gods appear and place corn and feathers on buckskin. Third Stage: Mirage People circle buckskins, wind blows and transforms ears into people. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 32

Questions Page 25 • 4 b. What do the order and ritual of the ceremony tell you about the Navajo people? **The Navajo people value and rely on a sense of order and ritual in life. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 33

Questions Page 25 • 5 a. How does the wind’s role contrast with the order and ritual of the ceremony? **The Navajo people value and rely on a sense of order and ritual in life. • 5 b. How does the wind’s role contrast with the order and ritual of the ceremony? The wind’s work is “magical, ” in contrast to the logical and precise actions taken by the spirit people in anticipation of the wind’s arrival. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 34

Questions Page 25 • 6 a. In what ways do the two tales differ in their attitude toward nature? • 6 b. With which attitude do you most identify? Why? Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 35

Questions Page 28 • 1. If you were the chief of a Native American nation, would this speech persuade you to join the Confederation? Explain. • 2 a. What do the lords plant to commemorate their meetings? The lords plant the Tree of the Great Peace. • 2 b. What do the roots of this plant symbolize? The roots symbolize strength and peace. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 36

Questions Page 28 • 3 a. According to the Constitution, what must confederate lords do to open a council meeting? To open a council meeting, the confederate lords must thank one another and then “offer thanks to the earth where men dwell. ” • 3 b. What does this decree (action) suggest about the Iroquois? Offering thanks shows that the Iroquois respect each other and their environment and are conscious of their dependence on the earth. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 37

Questions Page 28 • 4 a. What three images from nature does Dekanawidah use in the Iroquois constitution? The three images from nature does Dekanawidah use in the Iroquois constitution • Tree of the Long Leaves and its roots= strength • The Eagle= lookout for danger • The Council= cooperation-invite new members • 4 b. What do these references tell you about the Iroquois? Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 38

Questions Page 28 • 5 a. Summarize the qualities and conduct (behavior) required of council lords by the Iroquois Constitution. A lord must be honest in all things, slow to anger, and full of peace, goodwill (care; kindness) desire for the welfare of his people. A lord’s actions should always exhibit farsightedness, deliberation, and compassion. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 39

Questions Page 28 • 5 b. How well do these qualities apply to leaders in the modern world? • 6. Do you agree with and support the ideas presented in The Iroquois Constitution? Why or why not? Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 40

Word Analysis “tion” pg 30 • The word deliberations contain the Latin suffix “– tion” which forms a noun when added to a verb • Verb Noun • 1. constitute- to set up in a legal or official form; establish Constitution – People’s right are presented in the constitution. – Both Americans and Iroquois have a constitution, that explains their governments. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 41

Word Analysis “tion” pg 30 • 2. estimate- to form an opinion or judgment based on preliminary information Estimation – The lords held Dekanawidah high in the estimation. • 3. dispose- to tend or incline; to place in a certain order disposition – Only those with a peaceful disposition could remain in the group. – The baby had a pleasant disposition. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 42

Word Analysis “tion” pg 30 • 4. hesitate- to stop because of indecision; pause or delay Hesitation – The lord’s hesitation to join almost cost him his place on the council – The driver showed hesitation at the stop light. • 5. inoculate- to provide a vaccine that created immunity Inoculation – To prevent tetanus, doctors give an inoculation. – The school provided H 1 N 1 inoculations. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 43

Vocabulary Builder pg 30 • 1. (a). Cleanings (b). Imaginings (c) Ablutions Of the three choices which word does not match? • 2. (a). Deliberations (b). Consideration (c) Commotion • 3. (a). Protruded (b). Dangled (c) Jutted. • 4. (a). Disposition (b). Inclination (c) assumption • 5. (a). Varied (b). Confederate (c) United Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 44

Spelling Strategy pg 30 • When you add the suffix –tion to a verb that ends in te, drop the te and add tion • 1. locate • 2. insulate • 3. excavate Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 45

Compound Sentences pg 30 • A main clause is a complete thought that contains a subject that tells who or what the sentence is about and a predicate (verb) that tells what is or does. • Compound sentences link ideas • A compound sentence has two or more main clauses linked by a semicolon or a comma and a coordinating conjunction ( and, or but) Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 46

Compound Sentences pg 30 • Example • Muskrat dove down and brought up Earth, and Earth was placed on Turtle’s back. Read pgs 16 -31 Do questions 20, 28, all of 30 1 -19 -10 Mrs. Billet, INDIAN MYTHS 47