GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING Grammarbased

GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING Grammar-based patterns for urban design José Nuno Beirão / José Duarte / Rudi Stouffs Faculty of Architecture, Technical University of Delft Faculty of Architecture, Technical University of Lisbon CAADFutures, Montreal, June, 2009 J. N. Beirao@tudelft. nl jnb@fa. utl. pt

1. Introduction The City Induction project Question 2. Designing with rules and patterns Previous work Results from design studios 3. Generative model for urban design The case studies Urban grammars Urban Induction Patterns The generation module – 3 parts One example 4. Conclusions Future work José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

1. City Induction project The “City Induction” research project aims to develop an urban design framework at the scale of site planning consisting of three modules: formulation, generation and evaluation. Coordination – Prof. José Pinto Duarte Formulation – Nuno Montenegro Generation – José Nuno Beirão Evaluation – Jorge Gil José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

The generation module Based on patterns and shape grammars. Aims at supporting a flexible approach to urban design José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

The main idea is to promote flexibility by: Designing Design systems rather than design solutions José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

Question Can we improve urban design (flexibility) by using guiding solutions provided by design patterns and using the generative capacities of shape grammars? How can we develop such a tool? How can we use it? What are the advantages? José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

2. Designing with rules and patterns we propose the use of a design methodology based on patterns and shape grammars (Beirao and Duarte, 2005, 2007) 2 concepts: Patterns (Alexander et al, 1977) + Shape grammars (Stiny and Gips, 1972) José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

Previous work - Results from design studios José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

3. Generation module The case studies Urban grammars Urban Induction Patterns The generation module – 3 parts - ontology - interpreter - interface One example José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

(1) - Cidade da Praia (CP) in Cabo Verde by Chuva Gomes (2) - Qta da Fonte da Prata (QFP)) by Chuva Gomes (3) - Ijburg/Haveneiland plan by Frits van Dongen, Felix Claus and Ton Schaap which is a detailed plan for a part of a larger plan by Palmbout; 4 case studies A guiding framework towards diversity (4) - Ypenburg also by Palmbout (Palmboom and van den Bout) 2 1 3 4

UIP Urban Grammars Discursive Grammars Patterns + Design Patterns Shape Grammars + Description grammars Urban Induction Pattern = Small grammar = A set of shape rules UIP is a typical urban design procedure or design move (Schon, 1983) recurrently used by urban designers in their design process. Urban Grammar = + …+ + Arrangement of UIPs from an available set of Urban Induction Patterns (Alexander, C. et al, 1977) Design patterns (Gamma et al, 1995) Shape Grammars (Stiny and Gips, 1972) Description Grammars (Stiny, 1981) Discursive Grammars (Duarte, 2001)

Urban Induction Pattern (UIP) UIPs are design patterns that encode recurrent urban design procedures in a short discursive grammar. A discursive grammar is composed of a description grammar, a shape grammar and a set of heuristics used to guide the generation into solutions that fit the descriptions. discursive grammar (Duarte, 2001) = description grammar (Stiny, 1981) + shape grammar (Stiny and Gips, 1972) + set of heuristics José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

Urban Grammar An Urban Grammar is defined by a specific arrangement of Urban Induction Patterns, that is, a specific sequence of Urban Induction Patterns and options Options → restrictions to rule parameters José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

The generation module - 3 parts An Ontology of urban objects organizes and defines the significant relations among the various types of objects and features found in urban space An interpreter a grammar interpreter interprets a finite selection of UIPs An interface allows the user (designer) to customize the open options José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

designer / user

The Interface and the memory bank The interface allows the user (designer) to customize the open options which are the specific sequence of UIPs constraining the rule parameters José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

There are six memory banks: MB 1_Pl. Req – Memory Bank for Plan Requirements MB 2_Nei. Req – Memory Bank for Neighbourhood Requirements MB 3_Reg – Memory Bank for Regulations MB 4_Qua. Sta – Memory Bank for Quality Standards MB 5_Pl. Data – Memory Bank for Plan Data MB 6_Pat. Seq – Memory Bank for Pattern Sequences José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

The Ontology The urban ontology is divided into 7 subontologies called systems and one sub-ontology for attributes each one embedding features from a specific context of the city structure. Every system has a set of object classes, each class has object types and each object has a set of parameters and attributes. José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

An object class corresponds to the shape set of a parallel grammar. An Urban Grammar is composed of several parallel grammars. Parallel representations allow for an integration into a GIS topology. José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

AN – Axial network α 1 < a 1, a 2, a 3, a 4, cardus, decumanus, ab, ap, atr, atn, asu> TN – Transportation network α 2 < R 1, R 2, S 1, S 2, S 3, B 1, B 2, P 1, Tr, T 1, T 2, Ts, Ss, Bs, Trs, Cn > SN – Street network α 3 < st, av, bv, ms, pr, gr, la, al, cu, rr > SD – Street definitions α 4 < ①, ②, ③, ④, ⑤, ⑥, ⑦, ⑧, ⑨, ⑩s, ⑩b, ⑪, ⑫ > José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

The interpreter The Interpreter’s algorithm conducts a generic urban design sequence in four design phases (Ph 1, Ph 2, Ph 3 and Ph 4) (Beirão, 2005). The design sequence is complete by the patterns’ rules.

Types of input 2 levels of design options: - Pattern sequence - Rule parameters Values come from (types of input): - Validation through the evaluation tools (if not ask the designer) - Description through the formulation tools (if not ask the designer) - Validation by input standard values – randomly or again through the evaluation tools (although random they fit norms and standards through the data base in MB 3_Reg and MB 4_Qua. Sta) - Designer input José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

One example José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

Urban Induction Patterns Main. Axisisthe. Longer. Line Cardus Decumanus Orthogonal. Axis Promenade Grid by Adding. Axes Grid by Adding. Block. Cells Add. Blockto. Cells Adjusting. Block. Cells Add. Plaza Generate. Plaza Squarefrom. Block. Subtraction Squarefrom. Block. Trim Squarefrom. Corner. Trim. Public. Spacein. Block Building. Heading. Axis Add. Arches Add. Block. Type

Adding. Block. Cells

Adding. Axes

4. Conclusions We have developed the basic theoretical structure for a Generative tool (City Induction Generation Module) that will use - Discursive grammars (Description grammars + Shape grammars + A set of Heuristics) organized as - Urban Induction Patterns (Design patterns) Designs are obtained by combining Urban Induction Patterns and constraining their rule parameters José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

Can we improve urban design (flexibility) by using guiding solutions provided by design patterns and using the generative capacities of shape grammars? Allow redesigning while keeping a development vision. José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

Future work: Start the implementation Test the tool Solve integration problems between GIS and CAD Develop UIPs José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING

Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the support from my promotors, supervisors and research colleagues, namely, Sevil Sariyildiz, Henco Bekkering, José Duarte, Rudi Stouffs, Frank van der Hoeven, Jorge Gil and Nuno Montenegro. José N. Beirão is funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal (Science and Technology Foundation) with the grant SFRH/BD/39034/2007. His research is part of City Induction research project (PTDC/AUR/64384/2006) which is supported by this Foundation and hosted by ICIST. Questions: J. N. Beirao@tudelft. nl José Nuno Beirão - GRAMMARS OF DESIGNS AND GRAMMARS FOR DESIGNING