WATER SYSTEMS PART 1 THE WATER CYCLE PART

WATER SYSTEMS PART 1: THE WATER CYCLE PART 2: SURFACE WATER PART 3: GROUNDWATER PART 4: GLACIERS

BELL RINGER 01/25/19 HOW MUCH WATER DOES IT TAKE? ? ? • TO MANUFACTURE ONE TON OF STEEL? • TO FILL THE AVERAGE POOL? • TO FILL A BATHTUB? • TO MAKE ONE SLICE OF WHOLE WHEAT BREAD? • TO PRODUCE ONE CANTALOUPE? • TO MAKE ONE 4 OZ. HAMBURGER? • TO MAKE ONE EGG? • TO MANUFACTURE A SMALL CAR?

WATER FACTS • 30% OF FRESH WATER IS IN THE GROUND. 1 • 1. 7% OF THE WORLD’S WATER IS FROZEN AND THEREFORE UNUSABLE. 1 • APPROXIMATELY 400 BILLION GALLONS OF WATER ARE USED IN THE UNITED STATES PER DAY. 1 • IN ONE YEAR, THE AVERAGE AMERICAN RESIDENCE USES OVER 100, 000 GALLONS (INDOORS AND OUTSIDE). 1 • WATER CAN DISSOLVE MORE SUBSTANCES THAN ANY OTHER LIQUID. IT IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT. • 70% OF THE HUMAN BRAIN IS WATER.

WATER FACTS CONTINUED • ABOUT 6, 800 GALLONS OF WATER IS REQUIRED TO GROW A DAY’S FOOD FOR A FAMILY OF FOUR. 3 • 780 MILLION PEOPLE LACK ACCESS TO AN IMPROVED WATER SOURCE. 4 • IN JUST ONE DAY, 200 MILLION WORK HOURS ARE CONSUMED BY WOMEN COLLECTING WATER FOR THEIR FAMILIES. 4 • 1/3 WHAT THE WORLD SPENDS ON BOTTLED WATER IN ONE YEAR COULD PAY FOR PROJECTS PROVIDING WATER TO EVERYONE IN NEED. 4 • UNSAFE WATER KILLS 200 CHILDREN EVERY HOUR. 4 • WATER WEIGHS ABOUT 8 POUNDS A GALLON. • REFILLING A HALF-LITER WATER BOTTLE 1, 740 TIMES WITH TAP WATER IS THE EQUIVALENT COST OF A 99 CENT WATER BOTTLE AT A CONVENIENCE STORE. 1

WATER FACTS CONTINUED • IT TAKES 120 GALLONS OF WATER FOR ONE EGG • UP TO 50% OF WATER IS LOST THROUGH LEAKS IN CITIES IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD. 6 • IN NAIROBI URBAN POOR PAY 10 TIMES MORE FOR WATER THAN IN NEW YORK. 6 • IN SOME COUNTRIES, LESS THAN HALF THE POPULATION HAS ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER. 7 • $40 BILLION HOURS ARE SPENT COLLECTING WATER IN AFRICA ALONE. 7 • THE AVERAGE COST FOR WATER SUPPLIED TO A HOME IN THE U. S. IS ABOUT $2. 00 FOR 1, 000 GALLONS, WHICH EQUALS ABOUT 5 GALLONS FOR A PENNY. 8

EVEN MORE FACTS ABOUT WATER • A PERSON CAN LIVE ABOUT A MONTH WITHOUT FOOD, BUT ONLY ABOUT A WEEK WITHOUT WATER. 8 • WATER EXPANDS BY 9% WHEN IT FREEZES. 8 • THERE IS ABOUT THE SAME AMOUNT OF WATER ON EARTH NOW AS THERE WAS MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO. • THE UNITED STATES DRAWS MORE THAN 40 BILLION GALLONS (151 MILLION LITERS) OF WATER FROM THE GREAT LAKES EVERY DAY—HALF OF WHICH IS USED FOR ELECTRICAL POWER PRODUCTION. 12 • 85% OF THE WORLD POPULATION LIVES IN THE DRIEST HALF OF THE PLANET. 13 • AGRICULTURE ACCOUNTS FOR ~70% OF GLOBAL FRESHWATER WITHDRAWALS (UP TO 90% IN SOME FAST-GROWING ECONOMIES). 13 • VARIOUS ESTIMATES INDICATE THAT, BASED ON BUSINESS AS USUAL, ~3. 5 PLANETS EARTH WOULD BE NEEDED TO SUSTAIN A GLOBAL POPULATION ACHIEVING THE CURRENT LIFESTYLE OF THE AVERAGE EUROPEAN OR NORTH AMERICAN. 13

CLASSIFICATION • WATER CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE GROUPS: • SALT WATER • ESTUARIES • FRESHWATER

THE WATER CYCLE PART 1

BELL RINGER 01/28/19 • LIST ALL PROCESSES THAT OCCUR IN THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE. DEFINE EACH PROCESS.

THE WATER CYCLE • THE EARTH’S WATER IS RECYCLED IN A CONTINUOUS PROCESS CALLED THE WATER CYCLE • THERE IS ALWAYS THE SAME AMOUNT OF WATER PRESENT ON EARTH, JUST IN DIFFERENT FORMS • THE OVERALL PROCESS IS REPEATED EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION POWERED BY THE SUN’S ENERGY

THE WATER CYCLE • THERE IS A TOTAL OF 1. 36 BILLION CUBIC KM OF WATER ON EARTH • 97. 2 PERCENT IS FOUND IN THE OCEANS • 2. 15 PERCENT IS FOUND IN GLACIERS • 0. 62 PERCENT IS FOUND IN GROUNDWATER • THE REMAINING IS FOUND IN LAKES, SOIL, RIVERS, AND THE ATMOSPHERE

THE WATER CYCLE • WATER READILY CHANGES THROUGH THE THREE PHASES OF MATTER • WATER IS CONTINUALLY MOVING BETWEEN THE HYDROSPHERE, ATMOSPHERE, AND THE SOLID EARTH • OVERALL, PRECIPITATION IS GOING TO EQUAL EVAPORATION • THE WATER CYCLE IS BALANCED

WATER CYCLE • A NUMBER OF PROCESS ARE GOING TO TAKE PLACE IN THE WATER CYCLE INCLUDING: • RUNOFF • PRECIPITATION • EVAPORATION • INFILTRATION • TRANSPIRATION

RUNOFF • WATER FLOWING DOWNSLOPE ALONG EARTH’S SURFACE IS CALLED RUNOFF • THERE A NUMBER OF CONDITIONS THAT DETERMINE WHETHER PRECIPITATION WILL ENTER THE GROUND OR BECOME RUNOFF • SOME EXAMPLE ARE: • VEGETATION • RATE OF PRECIPITATION • SOIL COMPOSITION

VEGETATION • SOILS THAT CONTAIN VEGETATION ALLOW MORE WATER TO ENTER THE GROUND THAN SOILS WITH NO VEGETATION • GENERALLY SOILS THAT HAVE VEGETATION THERE WILL HAVE MORE PORES IN THE SOIL TO ALLOW MORE WATER TO SOAK IN

RATE OF PRECIPITATION • IF THE RATE OF PRECIPITATION IS GREATER THAN THE RATE OF INFILTRATION RUNOFF IS PRODUCED • A GENTLE, LONG LASTING RAINFALL IS MORE BENEFICIAL THAN A SHORT DOWNPOUR

SOIL COMPOSITION • THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL EFFECTS ITS WATER HOLDING CAPACITY • SOILS WITH A HIGH CONTENT OF ORGANIC MATERIAL GENERALLY HAVE THE ABILITY TO RETAIN A LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER • SOILS THAT HAVE COURSE PARTICLE SUCH AS SAND CAN ALSO RETAIN A LOT OF WATER

PRECIPITATION • PRECIPITATION IN THE PROCESS IN WHICH WATER MOVES FROM THE ATMOSPHERE TO THE HYDROSPHERE OR THE SOLID EARTH • ONCE PRECIPITATION REACHES THE SOLID EARTH TWO THINGS CAN HAPPEN: • THE WATER WILL SOAK INTO THE SOIL • THE SOIL WILL BE UNABLE TO SOAK UP ALL THE PRECIPITATION SO IT WILL RUNOFF • THERE A NUMBER OF FORMS OF PRECIPITATION INCLUDING: • • RAIN SNOW SHEET HAIL

EVAPORATION • DURING THE PROCESS OF EVAPORATION WATER IS MOVING FROM THE SOLID EARTH OR THE HYDROSPHERE TO THE ATMOSPHERE

INFILTRATION • THE PROCESS IN WHICH PRECIPITATION ENTERS THE GROUND AND BECOMES GROUNDWATER • THE RATE OF INFILTRATION IS HOW FAST THE SOIL IS ABLE TO SOAK UP PRECIPITATION

TRANSPIRATION • WHEN PLANTS ABSORB WATER THEN RELEASE IT BACK INTO THE ATMOSPHERE IT IS CALLED TRANSPIRATION

FRESHWATER • FRESHWATER CAN BE GROUPED INTO THREE CATEGORIES: • SURFACE WATER • GROUNDWATER • GLACIERS

SURFACE WATER PART 2

RUNNING WATER • MOVING WATER IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT AGENT SCULPTING THE EARTH’S LAND SURFACE • RUNNING WATER PROVIDES: • ENERGY • TRANSPORTATION • IRRIGATION FOR CROPS

RIVERS AND STREAMS • WATER MAKES IT WAY TO THE OCEANS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GRAVITY • THE TIME IT TAKES TO GET TO THE OCEAN DEPENDS ON THE VELOCITY OF THE RIVER • SEVERAL FACTORS DETERMINE THE VELOCITY OF A STREAM INCLUDING: • GRADIENT • SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE CHANNEL • DISCHARGE

GRADIENT • THE GRADIENT OF A RIVER IS THE SLOPE OF A CHANNEL EXPRESSED BY VERTICAL DROP OVER A SPECIFIC DISTANCE • A RIVER WITH A HIGH GRADIENT WILL HAVE A HIGH VELOCITY

SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE CHANNEL • LARGE CHANNELS WILL HAVE A MORE EFFICIENT FLOW • SMOOTH CHANNELS WILL HAVE A MORE EFFICIENT FLOW • THE LESS FRICTION THE WATER ENCOUNTERS THE FASTER IT IS ABLE TO MOVE • A SMOOTH RIVER BED WITH A LARGE CHANNEL WILL HAVE THE GREATEST VELOCITY

DISCHARGE • THE DISCHARGE OF A STREAM IS THE VOLUME OF WATER FLOWING PAST A CERTAIN POINT IN A GIVEN UNIT OF TIME • DISCHARGE = WIDTH X DEPTH X VELOCITY • THE RIVER WITH THE LARGEST DISCHARGE IN THE UNITED STATES IS THE MISSISSIPPI AT 17, 300 CUBIC METERS PER SECOND • THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD IS THE AMAZON AT 212, 400 CUBIC METERS PER SECOND

RIVER ACTIVITIES • THERE ARE THREE SIMULTANEOUS ACTIVITIES ALWAYS OCCURRING IN RIVERS: • EROSION • TRANSPORTATION • DEPOSITION

EROSION • EROSION IS THE REMOVAL OF ROCK AND SOIL BY A MOBILE AGENT

TRANSPORTATION • STREAMS TRANSPORT THEIR LOAD OF SEDIMENT THREE WAYS • IN SOLUTION • IN SUSPENSION (THE LARGEST AMOUNT) • SCOOTING OR ROLLING ALONG THE BOTTOM (BED LOAD)

TRANSPORTATION (CONT. ) • THE AMOUNT OF MATERIAL A RIVER CAN HOLD DEPENDS ON TWO THINGS: • THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF PARTICLE THE STREAM IS ABLE TO TRANSPORT • THE CAPACITY OF A STREAM (DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE DISCHARGE

DEPOSITION • AS A RIVER SLOWS THE SEDIMENT BEGINS TO DROP OUT • AT THE MOUTH OF A RIVER A DELTA MAY FORM • A DELTA IS TRIANGULAR SHAPED DEPOSIT OF SILT AND CLAY AT THE MOUTH OF A RIVER

WATERSHEDS • THE LAND AREA THAT DRAINS INTO A STREAM SYSTEM IS CALLED A WATERSHED • RALEIGH IS LOCATED IN THE NEUSE RIVER WATERSHED

RIVER DEVELOPMENT • AS SURFACE WATER BEGINS ITS PATH IS NOT WELL DEFINED • IN TIME IT WILL CARVE A STREAM CHANNEL • A STREAM CHANNEL IS A NARROW PATH IN ROCK OR SEDIMENT • A STREAM WILL ERODE ITS PATH INTO A V SHAPED CHANNEL • EXAMPLE: GRAND CANYON • SOMETIMES A BEND WILL OCCUR CALLED A MEANDER • A MEANDER IS A BEND OR A CURVE IN THE RIVER CAUSED BY MOVING WATER

LAKES • LAKE- DEPRESSION IN THE SURFACE FEATURE THAT HOLDS WATER • LAKE ORIGIN: • OXBOW LAKES FORM STREAMS CUT OF MEANDERS • REMNANTS OF PREHISTORIC LAKES • GLACIERS GOUGED OUT THE LAND • STREAM FLOW IS BLOCKED BY SEDIMENT

ESTUARIES • ESTUARIES ARE PLACES WHERE FRESHWATER FROM A RIVER MIXES WITH SALTWATER FROM THE SEA. ESTUARIES COME IN ALL SHAPES AND SIZES. THEY ARE OFTEN KNOWN AS BAYS, SOUNDS, LAGOONS, HARBORS, OR INLETS (NOTE THOUGH THAT NOT ALL WATER BODIES BY THOSE NAMES ARE NECESSARILY ESTUARIES; THE DEFINING FEATURE OF AN ESTUARY IS THE MIXING OF FRESH AND SALT WATER, NOT THE NAME. ) • HTTP: //OCEANSERVICE. NOAA. GOV/FACTS/ESTUARY. HTML

WETLANDS • LAND AREA THAT IS COVERED WITH WATER FOR A LARGE PART OF THE YEAR • FRESHWATER WETLANDS OFTEN FORM ALONG THE MOUTH OF RIVERS WITH EXTENSIVE DELTAS • WETLANDS CAN IMPROVE WATER QUALITY BY SERVING AS A FILTERING SYSTEM AND TRAPPING POLLUTANTS

GROUNDWATER PART 3

GROUNDWATER • GROUNDWATER IS PRESENT EVERYWHERE ON EARTH • FRESHWATER IS THE MOST ABUNDANT AND IMPORTANT RENEWABLE RESOURCES • OF ALL THE FRESHWATER, 90 PERCENT ARE IN THE FORM OF GLACIERS AND ICE CAPS • GROUNDWATER CONTAINS ABOUT 0. 3 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL WATER ON EARTH

GROUNDWATER • THE ZONE OF SATURATION IS WHERE THE GROUNDWATER COMPLETE FILLS ALL THE PORES IN THE SOIL • THE UPPER BOUNDARY OF THE ZONE OF SATURATION IS THE WATER TABLE

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL Ø WATER KEEPS US ALIVE, MODERATES CLIMATE, SCULPTS THE LAND, REMOVES AND DILUTES WASTES AND POLLUTANTS, AND MOVES CONTINUALLY THROUGH THE WATER (HYDROLOGIC) CYCLE.

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL Ø COMPARISON OF POPULATION SIZES AND SHARES OF THE WORLD’S FRESHWATER AMONG THE CONTINENTS. Figure 14 -2

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL Ø SOME PRECIPITATION INFILTRATES THE GROUND AND IS STORED IN SOIL AND ROCK (GROUNDWATER). Ø WATER THAT DOES NOT SINK INTO THE GROUND OR EVAPORATE INTO THE AIR RUNS OFF (SURFACE RUNOFF) INTO BODIES OF WATER. l WATERSHED OR DRAINAGE BASIN: WHERE SURFACE WATER DRAINS INTO A BODY OF WATER

PRECIPITATI ON CONFINE D RECHAR GE AREA UNCONFINED AQUIFER RECHARGE AREA EVAPORATION AND EVAPORAT TRANSPIRATION RUNO FF FLOWI Recharge NG STREAM Unconfined ARTESI WELL Aquifer WATE AN REQUIRING INFILTRATI LAK ON WELL R A PUMP INFILTRATI E TABL ON U N CONFINED E Less permeable AQUIFER CONFINED material such as clay Confining im AQ IFEe. R p. U erm able rock layer FIG. 14 -3, P. 308

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL Ø ABOUT 70% OF THE WATER WE TAKE FROM RIVERS, LAKES, AND AQUIFERS IS NOT RETURNED TO THESE SOURCES. Ø IRRIGATION IS THE BIGGEST USER OF WATER (70%), FOLLOWED BY INDUSTRIES (20%) AND CITIES AND RESIDENCES (10%).

CASE STUDY: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES Ø 17 WESTERN STATES BY 2025 COULD FACE INTENSE CONFLICT OVER WATER NEEDED FOR URBAN GROWTH, IRRIGATION, RECREATION AND WILDLIFE. Figure 14 -5

WAS H. OREG ON IDAH O MONTA NA WYOMIN G NEVAD A CALIFOR NIA N. D. S. D. NEB. UTA COL H O. KANSA S OAK. N. M. TEXA S HIGHLY LIKELY CONFLICT POTENTIAL SUBSTANTIAL CONFLICT POTENTIAL MODERATE CONFLICT POTENTIAL UNMET RURAL WATER NEEDS FIG. 14 -5, P. 310

TOO LITTLE FRESHWATER Ø ABOUT 41% OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION LIVES IN RIVER BASINS THAT DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH FRESHWATER. Ø MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD ARE EXPERIENCING: l RIVERS RUNNING DRY (DESSICATION) l LAKES AND SEAS SHRINKING.

CASE STUDY: WHO SHOULD OWN AND MANAGE FRESHWATER RESOURCES Ø THERE IS CONTROVERSY OVER WHETHER WATER SUPPLIES SHOULD BE OWNED AND MANAGED BY GOVERNMENTS OR PRIVATE CORPORATIONS. Ø EUROPEAN-BASED WATER COMPANIES AIM TO CONTROL 70% OF THE U. S. WATER SUPPLY BY BUYING WATER COMPANIES AND ENTERING INTO AGREEMENTS WITH CITIES TO MANAGE WATER SUPPLIES.

TOO LITTLE FRESHWATER Ø CITIES ARE OUTBIDDING FARMERS FOR WATER SUPPLIES FROM RIVERS AND AQUIFERS. Ø MORE CROPS ARE BEING USED TO PRODUCE BIOFUELS. Ø OUR WATER OPTIONS ARE: l GET MORE WATER FROM AQUIFERS l DESALINATE OCEAN WATER l WASTE LESS WATER

WITHDRAWING GROUNDWATER TO INCREASE SUPPLIES Ø MOST AQUIFERS ARE RENEWABLE RESOURCES UNLESS WATER IS REMOVED FASTER THAN IT IS REPLENISHED OR IF THEY ARE CONTAMINATED. Ø GROUNDWATER DEPLETION IS A GROWING PROBLEM MOSTLY FROM IRRIGATION. l AT LEAST 1/4 OF THE FARMS IN INDIA ARE BEING IRRIGATED FROM OVER-USED AQUIFERS.

GROUNDWATER DEPLETION: A GROWING PROBLEM Ø Areas of greatest aquifer depletion from groundwater occur in the continental U. S. ØTHE OGALLALA, THE WORLD’S LARGEST AQUIFER, IS MOST OF THE RED AREA IN THE CENTER (MIDWEST). Figure 14 -8

OTHER EFFECTS OF GROUNDWATER OVERPUMPING Ø GROUNDWATER OVERPUMPING CAN CAUSE LAND TO SINK, AND CONTAMINATE FRESHWATER AQUIFERS NEAR COASTAL AREAS WITH SALTWATER. Figure 14 -11

OTHER EFFECTS OF GROUNDWATER OVERPUMPING Ø SINKHOLES FORM WHEN THE ROOF OF AN UNDERGROUND CAVERN COLLAPSES AFTER BEING DRAINED OF GROUNDWATER. Figure 14 -10

SOLUTIONS GROUNDWATER DEPLETION PREVENTI ON WASTE LESS WATER SUBSIDIZE WATER CONSERVATION BAN NEW WELLS IN AQUIFERS NEAR SURFACE WATERS BUY AND RETIRE GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL RIGHTS IN CRITICAL AREAS DO NOT GROW WATER-INTENSIVE CROPS IN DRY AREAS CONTR OL RAISE PRICE OF WATER TO DISCOURAGE WASTE TAX WATER PUMPED FROM WELLS NEAR SURFACE WATERS SET AND ENFORCE MINIMUM STREAM FLOW LEVELS FIG. 14 -12, P. 316

GLACIERS PART 4

GLACIERS • A GLACIER IS A LARGE MASS OF MOVING ICE • GLACIERS COVER ABOUT 10 PERCENT OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE • DURING THE LAST ICE AGE ABOUT 30 PERCENT OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE WAS COVERED BY GLACIERS • THERE ARE TWO BASIC TYPES OF GLACIERS • VALLEY GLACIERS • CONTINENTAL GLACIERS

VALLEY GLACIERS • FORM IS VALLEY’S IN HIGH, MOUNTAINOUS AREAS • MOVEMENT DOWNSLOPE IS VERY SLOW, A FEW MILLIMETERS A DAY

CONTINENTAL GLACIERS • COVER BROAD CONTINENT SIZED AREAS • MOVE OUTWARD FROM THE CENTER OF THE GLACIER

WATER WORDS • AQUEDUCT-- A MAN-MADE PASSAGEWAY THAT CARRIES WATER FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER. AQUIFER-- A LAYER OF GRAVEL, SAND, AND LIMESTONE, IN WHICH WATER PASSES THROUGH, FILLS UP, AND IS STORED. • AQUIFER [CONFINED]--AN UNDERGROUND AREA THAT IS MADE OF SOIL, GRAVEL, ETC. AND IS FILLED WITH WATER. THIS AQUIFER HAS A LAYER MADE OF ROCK ABOVE AND BELOW IT THAT WATER CAN'T GET THROUGH. THIS PUTS ITS WATER UNDER PRESSURE. • ARTESIAN WELL-- IS FORMED WHEN SOMEONE DRILLS INTO A CONFINED AQUIFER. WATER IS UNDER PRESSURE AND PUSHES TO THE SURFACE WITHOUT A PUMP. • BORE-- TO DRILL A HOLE IN THE GROUND. • CELLAR-- A BASEMENT. • CITATION-- A LIST OF THE BOOKS, INTERNET SITES, OR OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION THAT WE USED TO MAKE THE SITE. • CONDENSATION-- WHEN A VAPOR OR GAS CHANGES INTO A LIQUID. • CONSERVATION-- TO PROTECT, PRESERVE, AND/OR TO PREVENT THINGS FROM HAPPENING TO WATER. • CONTAMINATION-- RUINING DRINKING WATER. • D-E-F • DISTRIBUTION-- SENDING WATER TO DIFFERENT PLACES. DOWSER-- A PERSON WHO USES A FORKED STICK OR OTHER TOOL TO FIND WATER UNDERGROUND. • DROUGHT-- PERIODS OF TIME WHEN THERE ISN'T ANY RAIN. • EVAPORATION-- A WATER CYCLE STAGE WHERE WATER TURNS TO GAS. • FAUCET-- A TOOL THAT LETS WATER OUT OF WATER PIPES SO THAT YOU CAN USE IT. • FILTER-- TAKING DIRT OR UNWANTED THINGS OUT OF THE WATER YOU DRINK. • G-H-I-J-K • GROUNDWATER-- ANY WATER THAT IS UNDERGROUND. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE-- THE WATER CYCLE. • IMPERMEABLE LAYER-- ANY UNDERGROUND LAYER THAT WON'T LET WATER GET THROUGH IT. • L-M-N-O-P • LOCKS-- A SECTION OF A CANAL THAT IS CAN BE CLOSED OFF. WATER CAN BE RAISED OR LOWERED IN THE SECTION. METER [WATER]-- A TOOL TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF WATER YOU USE IN YOUR HOME; THE ACT OF MEASURING THE WATER USED. • MOLECULE-- A SMALL PART OF SOMETHING--LIKE WATER. • PIPES-- ROUND, METAL TUBES THAT ARE USED TO TRANSPORT WATER FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER. • PRECIPITATION-- RAIN, SNOW, SLEET, HAIL. • PUMP-- A TOOL THAT PUSHES WATER THROUGH PIPELINES OR THE ACT OF PUSHING WATER THROUGH PIPES. • Q-R-S • RECYCLE-- USING ANYTHING OVER AGAIN; LIKE WATER IN THE WATER CYCLE. RESERVOIR-- A LAKE-LIKE PLACE THAT HOLDS WATER UNTIL IT IS NEEDED. • RUNOFF-- WATER THAT FALLS TO THE EARTH BUT DOES NOT SINK INTO THE GROUND. IT FLOWS ON THE TOP OF THE EARTH UNTIL IT REACHES A BODY OF WATER LIKE A RIVER OR STREAM. • SATURATED ZONE-- THE WATER-LOGGED TOP LAYER OF THE GROUNDWATER SYSTEM. • SEEP-- BEING ABSORBED--LIKE WATER--INTO THE GROUND.

• D-E-F • DISTRIBUTION-- SENDING WATER TO DIFFERENT PLACES. DOWSER-- A PERSON WHO USES A FORKED STICK OR OTHER TOOL TO FIND WATER UNDERGROUND. • DROUGHT-- PERIODS OF TIME WHEN THERE ISN'T ANY RAIN. • EVAPORATION-- A WATER CYCLE STAGE WHERE WATER TURNS TO GAS. • FAUCET-- A TOOL THAT LETS WATER OUT OF WATER PIPES SO THAT YOU CAN USE IT. • FILTER-- TAKING DIRT OR UNWANTED THINGS OUT OF THE WATER YOU DRINK. • G-H-I-J-K • GROUNDWATER-- ANY WATER THAT IS UNDERGROUND. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE-- THE WATER CYCLE. • IMPERMEABLE LAYER-- ANY UNDERGROUND LAYER THAT WON'T LET WATER GET THROUGH IT.

• G-H-I-J-K • GROUNDWATER-- ANY WATER THAT IS UNDERGROUND. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE-- THE WATER CYCLE. • IMPERMEABLE LAYER-- ANY UNDERGROUND LAYER THAT WON'T LET WATER GET THROUGH IT. • L-M-N-O-P • LOCKS-- A SECTION OF A CANAL THAT IS CAN BE CLOSED OFF. WATER CAN BE RAISED OR LOWERED IN THE SECTION. METER [WATER]-- A TOOL TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF WATER YOU USE IN YOUR HOME; THE ACT OF MEASURING THE WATER USED. • MOLECULE-- A SMALL PART OF SOMETHING--LIKE WATER. • PIPES-- ROUND, METAL TUBES THAT ARE USED TO TRANSPORT WATER FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER. • PRECIPITATION-- RAIN, SNOW, SLEET, HAIL. • PUMP-- A TOOL THAT PUSHES WATER THROUGH PIPELINES OR THE ACT OF PUSHING WATER THROUGH PIPES.

• RECYCLE-- USING ANYTHING OVER AGAIN; LIKE WATER IN THE WATER CYCLE. RESERVOIR-- A LAKE-LIKE PLACE THAT HOLDS WATER UNTIL IT IS NEEDED. • RUNOFF-- WATER THAT FALLS TO THE EARTH BUT DOES NOT SINK INTO THE GROUND. IT FLOWS ON THE TOP OF THE EARTH UNTIL IT REACHES A BODY OF WATER LIKE A RIVER OR STREAM. • SATURATED ZONE-- THE WATER-LOGGED TOP LAYER OF THE GROUNDWATER SYSTEM. • SEEP-- BEING ABSORBED--LIKE WATER--INTO THE GROUND. • SOURCE-- WHERE WATER COMES FROM. • SURFACE WATER-- ANY WATER THAT STAYS ON TOP OF THE EARTH, SUCH AS STREAMS, RIVERS, ETC.

• T-U-V • TAP-- TO TAKE WATER FROM ANOTHER BODY OF WATER. SOMETIMES IT IS USED AS ANOTHER WORD FOR FAUCET. TOWN WATER-- ANY DRINKING WATER PROVIDED BY THE TOWN. • TRANSPIRATION-- PART OF THE WATER CYCLE WHERE PLANTS GIVE OFF VAPOR. • TRANSPORTATION-- MOVING WATER FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER. • W-X-Y-Z • WATER CYCLE-- THE CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM LAND TO AIR AND BACK AGAIN; RECYCLING THE EARTH'S WATER METER -- A TOOL TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF WATER YOU USE IN YOUR HOME. • WATER TABLE-- THE HIGHEST POINT OF GROUNDWATER. • WATER TREATMENT-- THE ACT OF CLEANING WATER SO THAT IT IS CLEAN ENOUGH TO DRINK. • WATERSHED-- AN AREA OF LAND THAT DRAINS INTO A RIVER, LAKE, STREAM, BAY, OR OTHER BODY OF WATER. • WEIR-- LARGE CONCRETE OR ROCK STRUCTURE LOCATED BY STREAM CROSSINGS THAT IS USED TO CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF WATER MOVING THROUGH AN AQUEDUCT. • WELL WATER-- WATER FROM A WELL. • WELLS-- A HOLE DRILLED INTO THE GROUND THAT REACHES AN AQUIFER AND MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO BRING WATER TO THE SURFACE