Presentation for EAC Vietnam Lars Kristensen clean air

Presentation for EAC, Vietnam Lars Kristensen clean air solutions

1. Air Clean air is important • We eat 1 kg food per day • We drink 2 kg fluid per day • But we breathe 24 kg air per day !!

Air • Gases • - water vapour • - CO 2, H, Ne, He, O 3 etc Particles - volcanic ash - sea salt - dusts - sand pollen -

How Clean is The Air ? Particles in the Air Tobacco smoke High way City Country road Rural area Ocean Arctic Clean room Particles/litre 100 Billions 1 Billion 100 Millions 1 Million 100 Thousands 1

Particle size in atmospheric air % Less than Particle Diameter 99, 9% less than 1 µm ! 99, 99 99 0, 1% > 1 µm Area Amount 95 90 Weight 70% 10 5 1 0, 1 Particle size µm 1 10

Particle size distribution of atmospheric dust Particles smaller than 1 m refer to: 99. 9% of numbers 30% of weight

How large is 1 µm? 1 m = 1/1000 mm Hair: 150 m Pollen: 10 m

How large is 1 µm? Pollen: 10 m Industrial dust: 0. 5 m Bacteria: 0. 3 m

What kind of particles are smaller than 1 micrometer ? • • • Oil smoke Tobacco smoke Metallurgical dust Bacteria Virus

Problems with air contamination Health problems • Allergic reactions • lung diseases • cancer Installation problems • low efficiency for heat exchangers, fans, etc. • contamination of products (micro chip, drugs. . . ) • reduced air flow

Summary - Air • Atmospheric air consists of gases and dust • Dust is : 0. 01 - 100 µm • 99. 9 % of the number of particles in outdoor air are smaller than 1 µm • 30 % of the weight is from particles smaller than 1 µm

3. FILTER ENGINEERING Filter performance - needs ä good efficiency ä low pressure drop ä long lifetime

Particle Filtration Effects 1. Diffusion 2. Interception 3. Inertia 4. Straining 5. Electrostatic

1. Diffusion effect Particles smaller than 1 m don’t follow the air flow. They are influenced by the vibrations of the air molecules. Velocity Fibre diameter Fibre density

2. Interception effect Small, light particles follow the air flow around a filter fibre. If the centre of the particle follows a flow path which comes closer to the fibre than the radius of the particle, the particle is intercepted. Velocity Fibre diameter Fibre density

3. Inertia effect Larger particles are too heavy to follow the air flow around a filter fibre. The large particle will impinge directly onto the filter fibre. Velocity Fibre diameter Fibre density

4. Straining effect Particles with a diameter greater than the clearance between two fibres can’t pass Velocity Fibre diameter Fibre density

Recipe for a filter with high efficiency and long life time Ø Small fibre diameter Ø A lot of fibres Ø Large filter area

This knowledge has made to use more fibres for all our bagfilters than what is standard within the industry

% 100 Total mechanical collecting efficiency 80 60 40 Interception effect Diffusion effect Inertia effect & 20 0 Straining effect 0, 1 1 Particles size µm 10

5. Electro static effect - + Velocity + + + Fibre diameter Larger effect on small particles Fibre density

5. Electro static effect Glass fiber (many, small fibers) Synthetic fiber (few, big fibers)

5. Electro static effect High initial efficiency can be achieved with electrostatically charged fibers However, fibers will quickly be discharged when exposed to outdoor air. As long as big size synthetic fibers are used, they will not have same long term efficiency as a glass fiber.

Long term test in rural environment for glass fiber and synthetic media Efficiency at 0. 4 um (%) Glass fiber media Electro statically charged synthetic media Time (h)

Pressure drop measured in Pa, mm H 2 O, inch WG and depends on: • Air flow • Media (density, thickness, porosity) • Filter construction (pocket shape, inlet etc. )

Filter media - pressure drop Low pressure drop by: ä high porosity ä low media velocity (airflow) Low porosity High porosity

Filter media - pressure drop ä To get a good efficiency and relative low pressure drop - fine fibers ä higher efficiency gives higher d. P ä optimizing media is important (density, fiber diameter)

Filter configuration - pressure drop Conical shape Parallel pockets Filter media blocked, high d. P = short lifetime

Technical lifetime Dependent on: ä initial pressure loss ä media (lofty media gives better dust accumulation) ä effective filter surface

Media - life time • Lofty material clogs up slower than a compact = longer life time • Large fibers gives strength and loft High Loft, ex HI-FLO

Filter surface - Life time 300 3 P-85 6, 3 m² 250 200 Pa 150 3 M-85 9, 4 m² 100 50 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 h

Life time For bagfilters: 50% more media area gives 100% longer life time

Summary - filter theory ä Several filtration effects works together in a filter ä Efficiency is lowest at MPPS (dependent on media, velocity etc. ) ä To capture small particles - fine fibers ä The lifetime is dependent on media, effective filter area, airflow and environment ä The construction is important to achieve low d. P

4. FILTER TYPES ä Pre filters (panel and bag) ä Fine filters (bag filters & pleated) ä HEPA/ULPA filter ä Adsorption filters (carbon)

Hi - Flo (fiber glass) bag filters - Low cost - Extremely good media - V-Shape - Distance ribbon

ASHRAE filters - pleated Hot melt & string separators (close pleat or mini pleat) OPAKFIL-G 3 OPGHF AIROPAC 3 GGM/3 GGMHF Aluminum separators AIROPAC 3 CPM/3 CPMHF AIROPAC GREEN 3 GP/3 GPHF

Hi-Tech filters - HEPA & ULPA ABSOLUTE TRSA ABSOLUTE 1 D MIDILAM / MAXILAM with laminator SOFILAIR MIDILAR / MAXILAR

Different separators New Aluminum Hot melt

Adsorption filters

Why Adsorption filters ? ? Removal of gasses substances

What is activated carbon ? ä Material with large surface area (1 000 m²/g). ä Obtained by pyrolysis of materials such as: äCoconut shell äCoal äPeat äWood

Activated carbon • Pores in material gives the large surface: Macropore Mesopore Micropore

Adsorption mechanism • Adsorption • Reversible binding between a molecule and the surface.

Adsorption mechanism ä chemisorption ä Irreversible chemical binding between a molecule and impregnation.

Area of use ä Activated carbon (adsorption) ä Solvents ä Odors ä Activated and impregnated carbon (chemisorption) ä Acid, corrosive gases (SO 2, NOx, H 2 S) ä Ammonium (NH 3) ä Formaldehyde ä Nuclear filter

5. Filter economy The running costs depend on: 1. Life time 2. Energy costs 3. Cleaning costs

Filter economy Lower initial pressure drop results in: 1. Longer lifetime 2. Lower energy cost

Filter economy - Life time For bagfilters: 50% more media area gives 100% longer life time

Operating economy = low pressure drop E = q = d. P = t = energy input [k. Wh /year] air flow [m 3/s] pressure drop [Pa] = operating time [h/year] fan and fan motor efficiency

Example q t = 1 m 3/s (=2120 CFM) d. P = 125 Pa (=1/2”) = 8760 hours( 24 hours/day) = 0. 7

Filter economy Energy cost comparison Hi-flo 3 A-85, 6 pockets Hi-flo 3 M-85, 12 pockets 160 Pa / 3600 m 3/h 100 Pa /3600 m 3/h

Example q = P = t = = 1 m 3/s 160 - 100 = 60 Pa 8760 hours 0. 7 (=2120 CFM) (=1/4”) ( 24 hours/day)

Filter economy Filter class - cleaning costs n n Normally 0. 025 m 2 duct surface per m 3/h supply air flow Installations with F 45 filter (EU 5) normally needs to be cleaned each fifth year to maintain air flow Cleaning costs: 10 USD/m 2 If F 85 filter (EU 7) is used, no duct cleaning is necessary Dirty ducts are unhealthy and expensive

Filter economy Filter class - cleaning costs n Cleaning costs is 10 times higher than what it costs to improve filter quality n Cleaning costs is often higher than total filter costs n Filters of higher quality are not more expensive

6. Test methods - particulate Air filters • Ventilation(ASHRAE) Filters • HEPA and ULPA filters

Development of standards for ventilation filters USA Europe Eurovent ASHRAE 52 -68 1968 ASHRAE 52 -76 1976 Nat 1 Nat 2 Nat 3 EUROVENT 4/5 Nat std 1979 Nat std ASHRAE 52. 1 -92 1992 ASHRAE 52. 2 P particle test EUROVENT 4/9 particle test 1992 CEN EN 779 CEN EN XXX 1994

Arrestance (For low efficiency filters) G 1 Dust G 2 Test Final filter (HEPA) G 1=Weight of test dust added to air G 2=Weight of dust collected in final filter Arrestance = (1 -G 2/G 1)*100%

Arrestance (For low efficiency filters) Arrestance = (1 -G 2/G 1)*100% Example: If 1 kg dust is fed into test duct (G 1=1 kg) and the weight of final filter has been increased with 0. 4 kg (G 2=0. 4 kg) => Arrestance = (1 -0. 4/1)*100% = 60%

Efficiency (For high efficiency filters) Dust Test filter L 1 L 2 Sample of air is taken before and after test filter. This test air is fed through piece of paper which will be discolored. L 1 = Reduction of light transmitted through sample before filter L 2 = Reduction of light transmitted through sample after filter Efficiency = (1 -L 2/L 1)*100%

Efficiency versus dust load Dust spot efficiency (%) Dust (g)

Pressure drop versus dust load Pressure drop d. P (Pa) Dust (g)

Test methods today Dust spot efficiency: - ANSI/ASHRAE 52. 1 -1992 - CEN EN 779 Particle efficiency: - EUROVENT 4/9

Test rig Eurovent 4/9 DEHS p Filter particle counter

Results EUROVENT 4/9 ü Fractional particle efficiency - efficiency Vs size - efficiency Vs dust load ü Dust weight arrestance ü Final pressure drop 450 Pa for classification

REPORT

weight arrestance [%] Am<65 65<Am<80 80<Am<90 90<Am< average efficiency [%] class EN 779 G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 40<Em<60 F 5 60<Em<80 F 6 80<Em<90 F 7 90<Em<95 F 8 F 9 95<Em initial efficiency at 0. 4 µm < 5% HI-CAP 85/25 15% HI-FLO 4050 25 % 63 % 80 % HI-FLO 3 M-65 >80 % HI-CAP 85/30 HI-FLO 3 M-85 HI-FLO 3 M-95

Comments on Eurovent 4/9 + + + More information on filter performance Easier to understand Faster Small differences between different laboratories Possible to use the same technique at installations - Filter may have complete different properties in actual conditions, for example electrostatic charged filter media

Efficiency in real life Efficiency 0. 4µm [%] 100 80 EU 7 glass 60 40 EU 7 synthetic 20 0 0 2000 4000 6000 Running time [h] 8000 10000

Test of electrostatic effect • isopropanol test • diesel fumes

FUTURE Ø ASHRAE committee is working on a standard (ASHRAE 52. 2) Ø CEN TC 195/wgf is working to replace EN 779 ð ASHRAE 52. 2. And/or Eurovent 4/9 Ø Eurovent 4/10 - in “situ test”

Eurovent 4/10

Summary-general ventilation Þ Old test methods will be replaced Þ Fractional particle efficiency will be the new test method “world wide” Þ Testing in actual installations will give more information about real properties of air filters

Test methods - particulate Air filters • HEPA and ULPA filters

% 100 Total mechanical collecting efficiency 80 60 40 Interception effect Diffusion effect Inertia & 20 0 Straining effect 0, 1 1 Particles size µm 10

Test methods-Absolute filter • Old test methods – – DOP test (0. 3µm) BS 3928 (0. 65µm)0. 47 µm for Chinese version AFNOR X 44 -11 (soda salt=0. 17 µm) IES-RP-CC 007. 1 (0. 1 -0. 2 µm) • New testmethod – EN 1822 (MPPS)

Test methods ä Overall efficiency ä Leak test - Scanning

Test methods - overall efficiency DOP test ä monodisperse aerosol (0. 3 µm) ä photometer (mass concentration) ä efficiency at 0. 3 µm particles EN 1822 ä polydisperse aerosol ä particle counter (size and number) ä MPPS

Testmethods - Leak test DOP test Scanning with photometer EN 1822 (New) ä photometer (mass concentration) ä 100% and 20 % air flow ä low sensitivity ä photometer + cold DOP ä higher sensitivity than DOP test ä particle counter ä leakage test at MPPS ä high sensitivity

Test rig for Particle scanning Laser sensors > 0. 1 µm EN 1822 -1 Testmethod > 0. 1 µm Dilution p Filter DES

Test rig for Filter classes H 10 to U 17

Overall efficiency at MPPS [%] >85 >95 99. 9995 99. 999995 Filter classes local leak EN 1822 -1 H 10 H 11 H 12 H 13 H 14 U 15 U 16 U 17 (%) 2. 5. 25. 0025. 00010

Ventilation filters ASHRAE filters

Ventilation filters (ASHRAE filters) BAG FILTER PRE FILTER Pleated Panel OPAKFIL-G 3 OPGHF HI-CAP COMPACT FILTER AIROPAC 3 GGM/3 GGMHF HI-FLO Glass fiber filter AIROPAC GREEN 3 GP/3 GPHF S-FLO Synthetic filter AIROPAC 3 CPM/3 CPMHF

Pre filters Pleated Panel (G 4) HI-CAP HF 80/25 (G 3) (HI-CAP HF 90/35 (G 4))

Hi - Flo (fiber glass) bag filters - Low cost - Extremely good media - V-Shape - Distance ribbon

Calculation of media area – Height * Depth*2* # Pockets

Compact filters Hot melt separators (close pleat or mini pleat) OPAKFIL-G 3 OPGHF AIROPAC 3 GGM/3 GGMHF Aluminum separators AIROPAC 3 CPM/3 CPMHF AIROPAC GREEN 3 GP/3 GPHF

Opakfil G 3 OPGHF - Light - No metal parts (combustible) - High capacity - Low d. P - Long life time Plastic frame and hot melt separators

AIROPAC GREEN 3 GP & 3 GPHF - Very light (3 kg) - No metal parts (combustible) - Low price - Same capacity as standard Aluminum separator filters Cardboard frame and hot melt separators Possible to make special sizes (new card board die needed)

AIROPAC 3 CPM & 3 CPMHF - High temperature (200 ºC) Metal frame and Aluminum separators Easy to make special sizes

COMPACT FILTER versus HI-FLO BAG FILTERS Hi-Flo Bag filter for lowest cost Compact filter to minimize space

High-Tech filters (HEPA & ULPA)

Usage of High-Tech filters n n n Protection against bacterias and viruses, hospitals, laboratories Protection against nuclear particles, nuclear power plants, laboratories Protection against dangerous materials, bomb shelters, gas masks, industrial applications Protection during production, pharmaceutical and optical production, manufacturing of electronic components etc. Protection of products, sensitive electronic equipment, computers

Hi-Tech filters - HEPA & ULPA ABSOLUTE TRSA ABSOLUTE 1 D MIDILAM / MAXILAM with laminator SOFILAIR MIDILAR / MAXILAR

New generation of Absolute New Aluminum separators Plywood frame Hot melt separators Electro zinced sheet frame Endless PU gasket

Sofilair (High capacity HEPA) 4000 m 3/h at 250 Pa Hot melt separators Electro zinced sheet frame Endless PU gasket

Clean room panels Standard: Midi Extended area: Maxi With laminator: -lam Without laminator: -lar

Midilam (Clean room panel with laminator) Unique laminarity Hot melt separators Extruded, anodised Aluminum frame Endless PU gasket

Laminarity 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

Silent Hood Extruded, anodised Aluminum frame With/without adjustable damper Endless PU gasket

Clean room products FKOP TERMINAL DIFFUSER FKS-HOUSINGS SNAP SEAL SOFDISTRI CAMDISTRI