Psychology Defined Psychology is the scientific study of
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Psychology Defined Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour.
2 ways to resolve disputes: 1) non-peacefully
2) Peacefully (1) by acceptance of authority (2) by agreement on rules for resolving disputes
Political Claims: Dispute resolution mechanism? voting
Knowledge claims: Dispute resolution mechanism? Science
Science defined • Procedures for adjudicating knowledge claims Standards of evidence Decision rules for evaluating competing claims • Methods for obtaining controlled or rigorous observations Systematic observation (empiricism) Independent replication Publicity of methods Public of findings
Personality Science Is Astrology a scientific theory of personality? 1. Are its claims empirically testable? • Yes. 2. Are its claims consistent with already wellestablished facts about the physical world? • • No. Therefore evidence will need to be very strong. Astrology could in principle be a scientific theory, it is a very bad one. Why? Because it consistently fails empirical testing.
Cool things we don’t cover… 1. X-raying your mind. 2. Finding your inner child. 3. Determining your “colour”. 5. Astrology, Phrenology, Graphology, Enneagram, Scientology…
Scientology
Scientology’s “E-Meter” (Very crude, invalid) kind of polygraph machine.
L. Ron Hubbard's Grades Chemistry (General) D, D Math (Plane Geometry) F German (1 st yr) E, F Math (Diff. Calculus) F Physics (Sound/Light) E Math (Diff. Calculus 2 nd attempt) D Math (Analytic Geometry) D English (the Short Story) B, B English (Rhetoric) C, B
Personality tests on the Web If you google: "personality tests", 2. 3 11. 9 million web pages www. lovecalculator
Chapter 1 Introduction to Personality
What are trait words for? bold, timid reliable, disorganized cool, nifty, goof (see Urban Dictionary) incompetent untrustworthy pedophile
Functions of trait words 1. Describe thrifty Someone good with money. 2. Evaluate stingy A jerk who won’t give $$ to me. We need to predict what someone will do. We need to evaluate someone's significance for oneself.
George Bush's Personality http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Dk. Qcn. DCjyu. Q
Defining Personality Popular meanings of "personality" • A boring person (“He lacks personality. ”) • A desirable person ("She has a wonderful personality. ") • A dramatic person (“You have quite the personality!") • A public person (“a well-known TV personality")
Defining Personality • Latin root is persona “mask” • Per sonare = to sound through – The hole in the actor's mask • Cicero (50 BC): 4 meanings 1. Outer appearance to others 2. Inner, "real" self 3. A role, a part being played 4. A person of distinction
Cicero and Personality Debates #1 & #2: Inner vs Outer • Debate: How to define personality Hogan (1977): – Actor perspective – Observer perspective (“inner self”) (“outer self”) The “Interpersonal perspective” – Personality is observer defined phenomenon – You have NO personality when deserted on an island
Cicero and Personality Debates #3: “Role” • Debate: Person-Situation debate Is behavior due to traits or the situation? #4: “Person of distinction” – Distinction = high social value – Value: e-VALU-tion; social evaluation • Debate: social desirability debate Are trait ratings descriptions or evaluations? How badly biased are trait judgements?
Defining Personality 2 Definitions • Little • Big
Defining Personality Little definition (Gordon Allport, 1930 s) Personality= An individual person's characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Personality Defined Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that influences his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environment).
Personality Defined Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that influences his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environment).
Personality Defined Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that influences his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environment).
Input: Rule: Ouput: Moving big humans! Reward! If reward- Approach & Smile Approach eye-contact, smiling
Input: Rule: Ouput: Moving big humans! DANGER! If DANGER- Look non-threatening Retreat, avoid eye-contact, slump
Personality Defined Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that influences his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environment).
Social Psychology? The situation. Personality Psychology? The person. –Individual differences –Self and Identity Research focus, however is • Mainly individual differences traits
Personality Defined Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environment).
“For some kinds of thought, especially moral decision-making about other people’s social and psychological situations, we need to allow for adequate time and reflection. . “If things are happening too fast, you may not ever fully experience emotions about other people’s psychological states and that would have implications for your morality, ” - author of 2009 MRI study, Immordino-Yang
Texting Frequency
Personality Defined Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environment).
Is there a coherent personality portrait across the pattern of associations with texting? l Unreflective l Materialistic l Prejudiced l Extraverted Shallow and sociable …?
Personality Defined Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that influences his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environment).
Personality Defined Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that influences his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environment).
“Interactions” l Perception l Selection l Evocation l Manipulation
Personality Defined Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that influences his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environment).
Personality Defined Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that influences his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environment).
Henry Murray (1938) Personality refers to the ways a person is • like all other persons, • like some other persons, • and like no other person.
3 levels of personality analysis Every human being is like… All others Human nature level Some others Indiv & Group difference level No others Indiv uniqueness level
1. Human Nature Level Species typical traits and mechanism The traits and mechanisms of personality that are typical of our species and are possessed by everyone or nearly everyone.
2. Individual and Group Differences Level Ways in which each person is like some other people Worriers Risk takers
3. Individual Uniqueness Level Every individual has personal and unique qualities not shared by any other person in the world. • Idiographic research (Paulness) • Nomothetic research (Shyness)
A Fissure in the Field Grand Theories of Personality vs. Contemporary Research in Personality.
Grand Theories of Personality Ø Primarily address the 1 st level of analysis, the human nature level Ø Don’t represent contemporary research in the field of personality psychology.
Contemporary Research Ø Primarily addresses 2 nd level of analysis ie. , the ways individuals and groups tend to differ (e. g. , "extraversion", "collectivism") Ø BUT, studying personality psychology needs to be more than just covering the current research topics.
Bridging the Fissure Ø Domains of knowledge create specialization Ø Integrating the domains of knowledge gives us the whole personality… D. O. K.
A Whole Person.
And The Whole Picture of which the Person is a part.
Six Domains of Knowledge Dispositional Domain Deals centrally with the ways in which individuals differ from one another e. g. , basic traits
Six Domains of Knowledge Biological Domain Humans are collections of biological systems that provide the building blocks for behaviour, thought, and emotion.
Six Domains of Knowledge Cognitive-Experiential Domain Our thoughts, feelings, beliefs and desires shape our personality. Am I a good person or evil? What makes me fearful? Do I see myself as having a successful career?
Six Domains of Knowledge Intrapsychic Domain Refers to the mental mechanisms of personality, many of which operate outside the realm of conscious awareness.
Six Domains of Knowledge Social and Cultural Domains Personality doesn’t merely reside within the head and nervous system, but affects, and is affected by, the social and cultural context.
Six Domains of Knowledge Adjustment Domain Ø Some personality traits are related to poor adjustment Ø Studying disorders of personality deepens our understanding of “normal” personality
What about theory? If astrology is a bad theory, what are the characteristics of a good theory? 1) Provides a guide to the best questions to ask 2) Integrates known facts into a coherent framework of understanding 3) Makes accurate predictions (generates new facts)
How Evaluate Theories? • Comprehensiveness • Heuristic value • Testability • Parsimony • Compatibility with other theories
Beliefs vs Theories Belief • what you privately like or want to think Theory • a claim of about the nature of the world verified by observatons
Methods chapter is next….
Traits and Career Prefs l People with career interests in Psychology, Creative Arts, and Science tend to score high on measures of: Openness Reflectiveness “Spiritualness” l Perhaps being “spiritual” means nearly the same thing as being “reflective” for non-religious persons. l Perhaps “spiritual” spiritual means nearly the same thing as “religious” religious for highly religious persons.
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