Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and

Scientific Inquiry Domain

Thinking about Psychological Science

Module 01 History and Perspectives in Psychological Science

Module Overview • • • The Definition of Psychology Modern Psychology’s Roots Psychology in the Twentieth Century Psychology’s American Groundbreakers Six Psychological Perspectives Psychology in the Twenty-First Century Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science The Definition of Psychology

Psychology • Scientific study of behavior and mental processes. – Uses scientific research methods. – Behavior includes all observable behavior. – Mental processes include thoughts, feelings and dreams.

Basic Research • Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. • Research with the explicit purpose of finding new information

Applied Research • Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. • Research with the purpose of using psychology to better the world.

Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science Modern Psychology’s Roots

Wilhelm Wundt (1832 -1920) • • Founder of modern psychology; he opened the first psychology laboratory. The “father of psychology” The opening of the lab in 1879 in Leipzig is considered the beginning of the field of psychology.

Wilhelm Wundt (1832 -1920) • Used introspection (describing one’s conscious experience) • First to use of the scientific method in studying consciousness

E. B. Titchener (1867 -1927) • Founder of structuralism • Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness • Stressed psychology as a descriptive science

Structuralism • Theory that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.

Gestalt Psychology • Psychological perspective that emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. • The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

William James (1842 -1910) • First American psychologist and • author of the first psychology textbook • Founder of Functionalism

Functionalism • Theory that emphasized the functions of consciousness or the ways consciousness helps people adapt to their environment

Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science Psychology in the Twentieth Century

Sigmund Freud (1856 -1939) • Founder of psychoanalysis, • a controversial theory about the workings of the unconscious mind. • Believed that abnormal behavior originated from unconscious drives and conflicts

Psychoanalysis • Freud’s theory of personality; also, • a therapeutic technique that attempts to provide insights into thoughts and actions by exposing and interpreting the underlying unconscious motives and conflicts

Freud’s Influence • Influence on “pop culture” – Freudian slips – Anal-retentive • Influence on psychology – Psychodynamic theory – Unconscious thoughts – Significance of childhood experiences

Ivan Pavlov (1849 -1936) • Russian physiologist and learning theorist famous for the discovery of classical conditioning, in which learning occurs through associations. • Studied learning in animals • Emphasized the study of observable behaviors

John B. Watson (1878 -1958) • Founder of behaviorism, • theory that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes. • Emphasized objective and scientific methodology • Albert’s rabbit study

Behaviorism • The theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes. • Today focuses on learning through rewards and observation

B. F. Skinner (1904 -1990) • American behavioral psychologist who developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and • devised ways to apply them to the real world.

Humanistic Psychology • A perspective that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual’s freedom to choose, and the capacity for personal growth • Stressed the study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will • Healthy individuals should strive to reach their full potential. • Rejected idea that behavior is controlled by rewards and punishments

Carl Rogers (1908 -1970) • Humanist psychologist who developed client-centered therapy and • stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness, and empathy in fostering human growth.

Abraham Maslow (1902 -1987) • Humanistic psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs, • with self-actualization as one of the ultimate psychological needs.

Jean Piaget (1896 -1980) • Pioneer in the study of developmental psychology who introduced a stage theory of cognitive development that led to a better understanding of children’s thought processes. • Interested in how thinking develops • Believed younger children thought differently than older children

Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science Psychology’s American Groundbreakers

G. Stanley Hall (1844 -1924) • First American with a doctorate in psychology • Open the first psychology lab in U. S. at John Hopkins University • First president of the APA

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863 -1930) • First woman to complete the requirements for a Ph. D. in psychology • President of the APA in 1905

Margaret Floy Washburn (1871 -1930) • First woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology in the U. S.

Francis Cecil Sumner (1895 -1954) • First African-American to receive a Ph. D. in psychology

Inez Beverly Prosser (1897 -1934) • First African-American woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology

Kenneth Clark (1914 -2005) Mamie Philips Clark (1917 -1983) • Researchers whose work was used in the Brown vs. Board of Education case that overturned segregation in schools. • Educational psychologists • Studied institutionalized racism

Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science Six Psychological Perspectives

Cognitive Perspective • School of thought that focuses on how people think – how we – take in, – process, store, and – retrieve information. • Emphasizes how people think about and interpret a situation

Biological Perspective • School of thought that focuses on the physical structures and substances underlying a particular behavior, thought, or emotion • Behavior is explained by brain chemistry, genetics, glands, etc.

Social-Cultural Perspective • School of thought that focuses on how thinking or behavior changes in different situations or as a result of cultural influences.

Behavioral Perspective • Focus: How we learn through rewards, punishments, and observation • Behavior is explained by previous learning

Humanistic Perspective • Focus: How healthy people strive to reach their full potential • Behavior is explained as being motivated by satisfying needs (safety, hunger, thirst, etc. ), with the goal of reaching one’s full potential once basic needs are met.

Psychodynamic Perspective • Focus: How behavior is affected by unconscious drives and conflicts • Behavior is explained through unconscious motivation and unresolved inner conflicts from one’s childhood. • Modern version of psychoanalytic perspective.

Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science Psychology in the Twenty -First Century

Behavior Genetics • The school of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences • Focus: How behavior is affected by genes and the environment • Combines biology and behaviorism

Evolutionary Psychology • School of thought that focuses on the principles of natural selection to study the roots of behavior and mental processes. • Combines aspects of biological, psychological, and social aspects of human behavior • Behavior is explained by how the behavior may have helped our ancestors survive long enough to reproduce successfully.

Positive Psychology • A movement in psychology that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning • and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive • Focus: To study and promote optimal human functioning • Martin E. P. Seligman is a major advocate • Should promote building positive qualities of people

The End

Teacher Information • Types of Files – This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. • Animation – Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. • Adding slides to this presentation – Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

Teacher Information • Domain Coding – Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards. • Scientific Inquiry Domain • Biopsychology Domain • Development and Learning Domain • Social Context Domain • Cognition Domain • Individual Variation Domain • Applications of Psychological Science Domain • Key Terms and Definitions in Red – To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.

Teacher Information • Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. • Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. • By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. • By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. • To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. • Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown. k 12. wi. us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022

Name of Concept • Use this slide to add a concept to the presentation

Name of Concept Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished