Section 6 Dendrology The Scientific Study of Trees

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Section 6 Dendrology: The Scientific Study of Trees © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All

Section 6 Dendrology: The Scientific Study of Trees © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Chapter 19 Classification and Anatomy of Trees © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights

Chapter 19 Classification and Anatomy of Trees © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dendrology § The scientific study of trees is known as Dendrology § Anatomy: study

Dendrology § The scientific study of trees is known as Dendrology § Anatomy: study that examines structure of an organism § Arrangement and relationship of organs/parts to other organs § Physiology: the branch of biology that deals with the life functions and processes of living organisms © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated,

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated,

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tissue Systems of Tree § Tissue systems perform specialized functions § Ground tissue system:

Tissue Systems of Tree § Tissue systems perform specialized functions § Ground tissue system: much of material in plant leaves, roots, stems, fruit § Vascular tissue system: moves nutrients § Dermal tissue system: protects against loss of fluids § Meristem tissue: rapidly dividing, causes plants to grow © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tissue Systems of Tree (Continued) § Organ: several tissues that function as single unit

Tissue Systems of Tree (Continued) § Organ: several tissues that function as single unit § Vegetative organs § Reproductive organs © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Vascular Tissue § Xylem: water-conducting woody tissue carrying nutrients from roots to stems to

Vascular Tissue § Xylem: water-conducting woody tissue carrying nutrients from roots to stems to leaves § Important components of xylem: § Tracheids and vessel elements, once they become dead and hollow § End-to-end vessels: more efficient than tracheids § Vessel element: A hollow tube where nutrients pass © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated,

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Vascular Tissue (Continued) § Phloem: vascular tissue located in the interior layer bark, stems

Vascular Tissue (Continued) § Phloem: vascular tissue located in the interior layer bark, stems and roots. § Sugars flow from high concentration to low concentration © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Annular Rings § Annular Rings consist of new later of woodt xylem tissue that

Annular Rings § Annular Rings consist of new later of woodt xylem tissue that has been deposited each year. (determine age, conditions, weather) § Spring wood § Often a smaller darker ring § Summer wood § Larger and lighter color § More favorable growing season © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated,

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dendrochronology © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,

Dendrochronology © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

§ How old is this tree? (Core 1) § 5. How old is this

§ How old is this tree? (Core 1) § 5. How old is this tree? (Core 2) § 6. How do the banding patterns of the two cores compare? © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

§ http: //scied. ucar. edu/tree -ring-interactive © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

§ http: //scied. ucar. edu/tree -ring-interactive © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated,

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

§ Cambium-located between the phloem and xylem that contains a dividing mass of cells.

§ Cambium-located between the phloem and xylem that contains a dividing mass of cells. § Vascular Ray-transport dissolved materials across the woody section (xylem) between the phloem and the pith. § Pith- is located in the center of the stem and primarily stores plant food. § Heartwood- older xylem filled with tannins bums and resins, which becomes darker in color and no longer conducts water. § Sapwood-lighter colored wood through which water still moves. © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dermal Tissue System § Dermal tissues protect plants from loss of fluids and keep

Dermal Tissue System § Dermal tissues protect plants from loss of fluids and keep harmful microorganisms out of the cells § Epidermis: protective outer layer of cells of leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots § Cuticle: The waxy material covering plants © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Plant Tissues © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,

Plant Tissues © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Dermal Tissue (Continued) § Meristem: rapidly dividing mass of cells that causes plants to

Dermal Tissue (Continued) § Meristem: rapidly dividing mass of cells that causes plants to grow § Apical meristems: at ends of branches, twigs, roots § Cambium layer: between phloem and xylem layers of roots and stems § When a cell in the cambium divides one cell remains until it divides again. The other cell becomes part of the xylem or phloem tissue. § Cell division increases diameter of stem or root (Xylem) § Forms vascular rays that transport materials across woody section of stem © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

External Parts of Tree Leaf § Petiole: point of attachment to tree § Vascular

External Parts of Tree Leaf § Petiole: point of attachment to tree § Vascular tissues for transporting nutrients to leaf cells § Blade § § Midrib: gives shape, distributes nutrients Spines: function like midrib Veins: distribute material to and from leaf cells Margin: useful for tree identification © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated,

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated,

© 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Taproots and Fibrous Roots § Trees have either a taproot system or a fibrous

Taproots and Fibrous Roots § Trees have either a taproot system or a fibrous root system § A taproot system has a primary root that grows much larger and deeper than the other roots § A fibrous root system does not have a large dominant root § Primary root branches out just below the soil surface and the main roots are near the same size © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Taproots and Fibrous Roots (Continued) § Many trees have taproots during the seedling stage,

Taproots and Fibrous Roots (Continued) § Many trees have taproots during the seedling stage, but in some species, the taproot gives way to a fibrous root system as the tree matures © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Root Systems © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,

Root Systems © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Anatomy of Tree Root § Plant roots: specialized organs that anchor trees in soil

Anatomy of Tree Root § Plant roots: specialized organs that anchor trees in soil and transport nutrients and water into plant § Fungi that attach to a plant’s roots, dissolve nutrients making it available to the plant § Epidermis: protects root, absorbs water and nutrients, includes root hairs § Root hairs- increase surface area for water and minerals absorption. © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Secondary Root Tissues § Secondary tissues develop from meristem tissue, or vascular cambium, and

Secondary Root Tissues § Secondary tissues develop from meristem tissue, or vascular cambium, and provide secondary growth § Secondary xylem and secondary phloem add thickness © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Parts of Flower § Female flower parts constitute pistil § Stigma: pollen receptor

Basic Parts of Flower § Female flower parts constitute pistil § Stigma: pollen receptor § Ovary: produces egg cell; seed forms in ovule § Style: connects stigma to ovary § Male flower parts compose stamen § Anther: pollen grains develop here © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Basic Parts of Flower (Continued) § Filament: connects anther to receptacle or base of

Basic Parts of Flower (Continued) § Filament: connects anther to receptacle or base of flower § Petals: color attracts pollinators § Sepals: leaflike, protects flower © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Anatomy of a Flower © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not

Anatomy of a Flower © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

§ Perfect (bisexual flowers)- Containing both male and female reproductive flowering parts. § Imperfect

§ Perfect (bisexual flowers)- Containing both male and female reproductive flowering parts. § Imperfect Flowers- Some broad leaf trees are unisexual male (staminate) and female (pistillate) Flowers. § These may be born on the same plant like oaks and hickories or on separate trees as in hollies. A few trees have both perfect and imperfect flowers intermixed © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tree Types § Gymnosperms bear seeds in cones § Pines, spruces, cedars § Slow

Tree Types § Gymnosperms bear seeds in cones § Pines, spruces, cedars § Slow movement of dissolved plant materials through tracheid cells § Angiosperms produce seeds inside ovary, or fruit § Plant materials transported rapidly through tracheid and vessel elements © 2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.