MED 103 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Lisa H Young RN

MED 103: MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Lisa H. Young, RN, BSN, MA Ed.

Elements of a Medical Terms • Roots • the constant, unchanging foundation of a medical term • usually of Greek or Latin origin • nearly all medical terms have one or more roots

Elements of a Medical Terms • Combining vowel • has no meaning of its own • joins a root to another root • joins a root to a suffix • makes a word easier to pronounce • “o” is the most common combining vowel, followed by “a”

Elements of a Medical Term • Combining form • combines a root and a combining vowel • can be attached to another root or combining form • can precede a suffix Example: enter/o

Elements of a Medical Term • Identify the elements of the following word: gynecologist gynec/ -oroot combining vowel -logist suffix

Greek, Latin, and Old English Words • Some medical terms do not break down (deconstruct) into word elements Examples: • Greek: toxin meaning poison • Latin: medical meaning to heal • Old English: record meaning to remember

Terms That Are Alike • Many words in the medical language are very similar. Examples: • ilium and ileum • malleus and malleolus

Chapter 1 Summary • Elements • prefix, root, combining vowel, combining form, and suffix • Greek, Latin, and Old English Words • Some do not break down • Terms That Are Alike • Look alike/sound alike

Suffixes • Added to the end of a root/combining form • Changes the meaning of medical terms • Use of combining vowel hemat -oma= root + suffix hemat/o -logist = root + combining vowel + suffix

Classification of Suffixes • Diagnostic • Diagnosis, procedure, or test • Surgical • Describes surgical procedures • Pathological • Describes a sign/symptom of a disease

Classification of Suffixes • Adjectives • 28 suffixes mean pertaining to • Nouns • do not fall under any classifications • maintain the root or combining form as a noun

Diagnostic Suffixes • Identify the suffixes of the following words: hematoma hemat/ -oma root suffix hematuria hemat/ -uria root suffix

Surgical Suffixes • Identify the suffixes of the following word: appendectomy append/ -ectomy root suffix lithotripsy lith/o -tripsy combining suffix form

Pathological Suffixes • Identify the suffixes of the following words: cystitis cyst/ -itis root suffix cyanosis cyan/ -osis root suffix

Adjective Suffixes meaning pertaining to: -ac cardiac pertaining to the heart -ary pulmonary pertaining to the lungs -ior posterior pertaining to the back of the body

Noun Suffixes • Identify the suffixes of the following words: arteriole arteri/ -ole root suffix venule ven/ -ule root suffix

Prefixes • Added to the beginning of a medical term • Change the meaning of medical terms • No use of combining vowel peri-cardium = prefix + root epi-cardium = prefix + root

Position Prefixes • Identify the prefixes of the following words: epidermis prefix root hypodermis hypo dermis prefix root

Number and Measurement Prefixes • Identify the prefixes of the following word: multipara prefix root Primipara prefix root

Direction Prefixes • Identify the prefixes of the following word: antevert antivert prefix root synapse prefix root

Element Review • Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word: hypogastric hypo- / gastr / -ic prefix root suffix

Chapter 2 Summary • Suffixes and Prefixes • Change the meaning of medical terms • Suffix • Added to the end of a root/combining form • Use of combining vowel • Prefix • Added to the beginning of a medical term

Decoding Terms • CARD Method • Check for the word parts in a term • Assign meanings to the word parts • Reverse the meaning of the suffix to the front of the definition • Define the term

Word Analysis, Definition & Pronounciation • Analyze the following term: endocarditis 1. suffix — itis meaning inflammation 2. prefix endo — meaning inside 3. root card meaning heart 4. put the terms together—inflammation of the inside of the heart

Building Terms • Spelling Rules • If the suffix starts with a vowel, a combining vowel is NOT needed to join the parts arthr/o itis = arthritis • If the suffix starts with a consonant, a combining vowel IS needed to join the two word parts arthr/o + plasty = arthroplasty

Building Terms • If a combining form ends with the same vowel that begins a suffix, one of the vowels is dropped Endo- + cardi/o + itis = Endocarditis • If two or more combining forms are used in a term, the combining form is retained Gastr/o + enter/0 + itis = Gastroenteritis

Building Terms • When two or more combining forms are used to make a medical term, special notice must be paid to the order in which the combining forms are joined Esophag/0 + gastr/o + duoden/o + scopy = Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (joining the CF reflects the direction in which the scope travels through the body)

Plurals • Singular / Plural Rules • Ends in –a add –ae • Ends in -is add –es • Ends in –ix or –ex add –ices • Ends in –itis add –itides • Ends in –nx add –nges • Ends in –um add an –a • Ends in –us add an –I • Ends in –y add –ies vertebraae arthrosises appendixices arthritisitides phalanxnges endocardiumia digitusi thearpyies

Chapter 3 Summary • Word Analysis and Definition • break it down into its component elements • Plurals and Pronunciations • memorize the plurals of medical terms • correct pronunciation is vital • Precision in Communication http: //connect. mcgraw-hill. com/connectweb/login/? &node=connectdr_3

Composition of the Body • The body is composed of: - organs - tissues - cells - organelles - molecules - atoms

Structure and Functions of Cells • Basic Functions of Life - manufacture - production - communication - replication - reproduction

Nucleus

Tissues • Primary Tissue Groups - connective - epithelial - muscle - nervous

Organs & Organ Systems • Integumentary • Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glandis • Skeletal • Bones, ligaments, cartilages, tendons • Muscular • Muscles http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=SSqw. Rk. DLy. H 4 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=CBLm 7 r. K 05 Yc

Organs and Organ Systems • Nervous • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organ • Endocrine • Glands that secrete hormones: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, thymus • Cardiovascular • Heart, blood vessels

Organs and Organ Systems • Lymphatic • Lymph vessels and nodes, thymus spleen • Digestive • Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines • Respiratory • Control intake and output of air, exchange gases between air and blood

Organs and Organ Systems • Urinary • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra • Reproductive • Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, blubourethral glands, urethra, penis • Female: ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva

Prefixes for Body Organization anacataenendoepimetapara- up, apart, away down in within above, upon beyond, change neat, beside, abnormal

Suffixes for Body Organizations ai, -ous -ia, -ism -on -plasm -some -stasis -um -us pertaining to condition, state of structure formation body controlling, stopping structure, thing, membrane structure

Anatomical Positions, Planes, and Directions http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=yu. V-2 WKZm. SM

Anatomical Planes http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=w. BA wx. Z_yxn. E

Positional & Directional Terms • Anteroposterior (AP) & Posteroanterior (PA) • Anterior & ventral • Posterior & dorsal • Superior & Cephalad • Inferior & Caudad • Medial • Lateral • Ipsilateral to the front/belly side back of body/back upward/toward head downward/toward tail pertaining to the middle pertaining to the side pertaining to same side

Position & Directional Terms • Contralateral • Unilateral • Bilateral • Superficial • Deep • Proximal • Distal • Dextrad pertaining to the opposite side pertaining to one side pertaining to two sides on the surface of the body away from the surface of the body near the origin far from the origin toward the right

Position & Directional Terms • Sinistrad • Afferent • Efferent • Supine • Prone toward the left carrying toward a structure carrying away from structure lying on back lying on stomach

Body Cavities

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=oe. Fox. Ti 02 yg

Chapter 4 Summary • Organization of the Body • All the elements interact with each other • Anatomical Position, Planes, and Directions • Describe the location of anatomical structures

Digestive System • Alimentary Canal Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine • Accessory Organs Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

Functions of the Digestive System http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 h 2 VW 8 USCAA

Prefixes of the Digestive System • Prefixes for the Digestive System • Endowithin • Exooutside • Hypobelow • Parnear • Perisurrounding • Retrobehind • Subunder

Suffixes of the Digestive System • Suffixes for the Digestive System • -al, - ar, -ary, -eal, -id, -ine, -ous, -ic • -ase • -crine • -kinin • -stalsis pertaining to enzyme to secrete movement substance contraction

Digestive System • Define the following root elements: - bari - digest - laparo - lymph

Digestive System Root Elements • Identify and define the root elements of the following terms: - amylase - deglutition - elimination - peristalsis

Digestive Systems Root Elements • Define the following root elements: - cusp - lingu - mandibul - saliv

Digestive System Root Elements • Define the following root elements: - chol/e - emuls - gall - hepat

Digestive System Root Elements • Define the following root elements: - amin - hydr - carb - lact

Digestive System Prefixes • Define the following prefixes: monoditripoly-

Digestive System Suffixes • Define the following suffixes: - itis - ectomy - osis - dynia - ist

Digestive System • Define the meaning of the following suffixes: - um - rrhoid - ion - ative

Digestive System • Define the following suffixes: - um - in - ion - gen - us

Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology Kidneys (nephron) Ureters Bladder Urethra Urinary meatus Trigone

Urinary System • Functions of the Kidneys • filter blood to eliminate wastes • regulate blood volume • maintain homeostasis • secrete renin • secrete erythropoietin • synthesize vitamin D http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=lf. GYd 1 wr. Tg. E

Urinary System Location Structure Function Micturition

Urinary System • Prefixes for the anatomy of the urinary system • Extra • En • Par • Retro- outside in beside, near backward

Urinary System • Suffixes for the anatomy of the urinary system al, -ar, -ic • -ation, -ion • - pertaining to process of

Urinary System • ectomy • -lithotomy • -lysis • -pexy • -scopy • -stomy • -tripsy excision, resection extirpation release repair, reposition inspection bypass, drainage, division fragmentation

Male Reproductive System • Primary Sex Organs • Secondary Sex Organs • Accessory Glands http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_PHx. Td. Ijkmw

Male Reproductive System • Testes • Location • Structure • Spermatic Cord • Location • Structure • Spermatogenesis

Spermatic Ducts & Accessory Glands • Spermatic Ducts • Epididymis • Vas deferens • Ejaculatory ducts • Accessory Glands • Prostate • Seminal vesicle • Bulbourethral glands

Male Reproductive System • Penis • • erection ejaculation

Male Reproductive System • Prefixes for the anatomy of the male reproductive system • en • par- in near, beside • Suffixes for the anatomy of the male reproductive system • -al, -ous, -ar, -ile, -atic, -ic • -ferous • -genesis • -one pertaining to carrying production substance that forms

Male Reproductive System • cision • -ectomy • -ligation • -pexy • -plasty • -stomy • -tomy resection excision, resection occlusion repair, reposition repair, supplement repair drainage

Female Reproductive System • Perineum • Vulva structures of the vulva

Female Reproductive System Vagina

Female Reproductive System Ovaries Fallopian Tubes Uterus

Female Reproductive System • Suffixes for the anatomy of the female reproductive system • -arche • -ation • -pause • -salpinx • -ectomy • -pexy • -plasty • -scopy • -tomy • -lysis • -ligation beginning process of stop, cease fallopian tube excision, resection repair, reposition repair, supplement, alteration, replacement inspection drainage, division release occlusion

Pregnancy • Embryo • Placenta • Fetus

Pregnancy • Suffixes for the A & P of pregnancy • -blast • -cyst • -gravida, -cyesis • -para, -tocia embryonic, immature sac pregnancy delivery

Childbirth Stage One: dilation and effacement Stage Two: expulsion of the fetus Stage Three: expulsion of the placenta

Breast Anatomy of breast Mammary gland

Nervous System Functions of the Nervous System • Sensory Input • Motor Output • Evaluation and Integration • Homeostasis • Mental Activity CNS • Brain and spinal cord PNS • Nerves all over the body http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=od. Zw 2 jvbjr 8

Nervous System • Suffixes -cyte -glia -on -stasis -tome cell glue structure stopping, controlling instrument used to cut • Suffixes and Root Operations -ectomy excision, resection, destruction -emphraxis destruction -exeresis extraction -plasty repair, supplement -stomy bypass, drainage -tomy drainage, division, destruction

The Brain Divisions of the Brain • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Brain stem

The Cerebrum Four Cerebral Lobes • Frontal lobe • Parietal lobe • Temporal lobe • Occipital lobe

Functions of the Brain Functional Regions of the Brain • • • thalamus hypothalamus basal nuclei limbic system brainstem cerebellum

Spinal Cord Four Regions: cervical thoracic lumbar sacral

Cardiovascular System Functions of the Cardiovascular System Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Arteries (great, upper and lower) Veins (upper & lower) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=H 04 d 3 r JCLCE

Cardiovascular System Cardiac Cycle - electrical properties of the heart

Cardiovascular System • Prefixes coninfrainter. Intraoxy-oxygen semisupra- together under between within half above • Suffixes -ar, -ary, -ic, -al, -id, -eal -cyte -ia -ion -um pertaining to cell condition process of structure

Circulatory System • Functions of the Peripheral Circulation - carry blood - transport - maintain homeostasis - regulate blood pressure http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=NJz. JKvk. WWDc

Circulatory System • Suffixes -ar, -ary, -ic, -al, -id, -eal -cyte -ia -ion -um pertaining to cell condition process of structure

Hematology Components of Blood Formed Elements - RBCs - hematocrit - WBCs - platelets - plasma - serum http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=p 14 t. Ll 8 r. ORE http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=f. Qp. Qi. ATNTc. Q

Hematology • Functions of Blood - maintain homeostasis - maintain body temperature - transport nutrients, vitamins, and minerals - transport waste products - transport hormones - transport gases - protect against foreign substances - form clots - regulate p. H and osmosis

Hematology Common Prefixes aantiintermonopolypro- without against between one many before

Hematology Suffixes cyte -exia -gen -globin -kine -leukin -lysis -osis cell condition producing protein substance movement white substance breaking down abnormal condition -phil -poiesis -poietin attraction formation forming substance - siderin iron substance - stasis controlling, stopping -thrombin clotting substance

Immune & Lymphatic Systems BODY DEFENSE MECHANISMS Physical Mechanisms Cellular Mechanisms Humoral Defense Mechanisms http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Non 4 Mk. YQp. YA http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. GRce. Uo. QRVw

Lymphatic System Vessels Cells, Tissues, Organs Lymph Nodes Lymph

Lymphatic System Functions absorption removal

Lymphatic System T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Null Cells Macrophages

Lymphatic Organs Spleen Tonsils Adenoids Thymus Gland

Immune System • Humoral Immunity • specificity • memory • discrimination • Immunity • Cellular • Humoral • Natural Active Immunity • Natural Passive Immunity • Artificial Active Immunity • Artificial Passive Immunity

Blood & Immune System • Prefixes for A & P aantiintermonopolypro- without against between one many before http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=no. Ms. CGRkw. SE

Blood & Immune System • Suffixes for the A & P -cyte -exia -gen -globin -kine -leukin -lysis -osis cell condition producing protein substance movement white substance breaking down abnormal condition -phil -poiesis -poietin attraction formation forming substance - siderin iron substance - stasis controlling, stopping -thrombin clotting substance

Respiratory System Structures of the Respiratory System - nose - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi and bronchioles - alveoli Functions of the Respiratory System - exchange of gases - regulation of blood p. H - protection - voice production - olfaction http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=lr 5 d. Dm. TASos

Respiratory System • Prefixes exininteroxyparare. Suffixes -centesis -ectomy -lysis -plasty -rrhaphy -tomy out in between oxygen near again drainage excision, resection release alteration, reposition, repair, replacement, supplement repair drainage

Musculoskeletal System http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=SL 3 i. Ea 82 Yjs&list=PLke. Of 4 P 7 UMh 4 Fi 8 soxcvz. Ag qabt. EL 2 Uo. K

Musculoskeletal System • Prefixes • Ab • Ad • Amphi • Bi • Circum • Dia • Endo-, end • Epi • Ex-, e • Inter • Intra • Peri • Pro • Re • Syn- t away from toward both two around hrough, complete within above, upon out n between within surrounding, around forward back together, joined

Musculoskeletal System • Suffixes • -ar, -al, -ic, -ous, -eal • -blast • -cyte • -genesis • -oid • -physis • -poiesis • -um pertaining to embryonic breaking down cell production, origin resembling, like growth formation condition structure

Joints • Classes of Joints - fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial • Functions and Structure of Skeletal Muscle - functions

Muscles and Tendons Functions and Structure of Skeletal Muscle - structure of skeletal muscle

Integumentary System Functions of the Skin • • Protection Water resistance Temperature regulation Vitamin D synthesis Sensation Excretion and secretion Social functions Epidermis - protects underlying structures - withstands pollution of life - sheds superficial cells and renews them - provides a waterproof barrier http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=IAAt_M f. IJ-Y&list=PL 2997 E 5 D 1035 F 5 D 47

Integumentary System • Prefixes • apo • ec • epi • eu • hypo-, sub • par • Suffixes • -al, -ar, -ous, -ic • -crine • -cyte • -ferous • -ium no, not without separate, away from out, outward above healthy, normal under, below near pertaining to to secrete cell pertaining to carrying structure

Special Senses of the Eye & Ear Suffixes and Root Operations -ectomy excision, resection -plasty reposition, repair, replacement, supplemental -rrhaphy -tomy repair drainage,

Special Senses of the Eye & Ear Suffixes and Root Operations -centesis -ectomy -lysis -plasty -scopy -stomy -tomy drainage excision, resection release repair, replacement inspection drainage http: //www. youtu be. com/watch? v =Mi. JQEc. OIj 90

Endocrine System Major Organs: - hypothalamus - pineal gland - parathyroid glands - adrenal gland - testes - pituitary gland - thyroid gland - thymus gland - pancreas - ovaries http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=n. NLs. XK k. LSTs http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=gjm. S 4_ 7 kv. DM

Endocrine System • Prefixes endoexohyposupra- within outward under, deficient above • Suffixes -al -crine -logy -us, -is pertaining to to secrete study of structure

Mental Health http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=koq. GEVKYU 78

Geriatrics Senescence of Organ Systems Theories of Senescence Complex Effects of Aging http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=FEq. Zg. OFVm 6 Y

Oncology (Cancer) • Malignant • Benign • Carcinogenesis http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 p. Mkx. FAJxi. Y

Radiology and Nuclear Medicine

Pharmacology