Medical Terminology A Living Language SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER

Medical Terminology A Living Language SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER 2 Body Organization Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization at a Glance • The body is organized into levels: § § § Cells Tissues Organs Systems Body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization at a Glance • Each level is built from the one below it. § § Body as a whole is composed of systems. A system is composed of organs. An organ is composed of tissues. A tissue is composed of cells. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization Illustrated Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization Combining Forms • • abdomin/o – abdomen adip/o – fat anter/o – front brachi/o – arm cardi/o – heart caud/o – tail cephal/o – head cervic/o – neck continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization Combining Forms • • chondr/o – cartilage crani/o – skull crin/o – to secrete crur/o – leg cyt/o – cell dermat/o – skin dist/o – away from dors/o – back of body continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization Combining Forms • • enter/o – small intestine epitheli/o – epithelium gastr/o – stomach glute/o – buttock gynec/o – woman hemat/o – blood hist/o – tissue immun/o – protection continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization Combining Forms • • infer/o – below laryng/o – larynx later/o – side lumb/o – loin lymph/o – lymph medi/o – middle muscul/o – muscle nephr/o – kidney continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization Combining Forms • • neur/o – nerve ophthalm/o – eye orth/o – straight, upright ot/o – ear pariet/o – cavity wall ped/o – foot pelv/o – pelvis peritone/o – peritoneum continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization Combining Forms • • pleur/o – pleura poster/o – back proct/o – rectum and anus proxim/o – near to pub/o – genital region pulmon/o – lung rhin/o – nose spin/o – spine continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization Combining Forms • • super/o – above thorac/o – chest ur/o – urine urin/o – urine vascul/o – blood vessel ventr/o – belly vertebr/o – vertebra viscer/o – internal organ Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Levels of Body Organization • Cells form tissues • Tissues form organs • Organs form systems • Systems form whole body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Cells • Cyt/o cyt/o ++-logy= = cytology § The study of cells and their function continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Cells • Fundamental unit of life • Has all properties of being alive § Responds to stimuli § Engages in metabolic activity § Reproduces itself • All tissues and organs in body formed of cells continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Cells • Individual cells perform functions for body § § Reproduction Hormone secretion Energy production Excretion continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Cells • Special cells carry out very specific functions § Muscle contraction § Electrical impulse transmission continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Cells • Cells come in different sizes and shapes • But all cells, at some point of their life cycle, have § Nucleus § Cytoplasm § Cell membrane Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 2. 1 Examples of four different types of cells from the body illustrating the differences in shape. Although each cell has a cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm, each has a unique shape depending on its location and function. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Tissues -logy = = histology • hist/o + -logy § The study of tissue • Formed when like cells are grouped together to perform an activity • Four types of tissue § § Muscular tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Muscular Tissue • Produces movement in body by contracting • Composed of individual muscle cells called muscle fibers continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Muscular Tissue • Three basic types of muscles § Skeletal muscle • attached to bones § Smooth muscle • internal organs like intestine and uterus § Cardiac muscle • only in the heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Epithelial Tissue • Known as epithelium • Found as lining for internal organs and covering for the skin • Close-packed cells that function to: § § Form a protective barrier – skin Absorb – lining of intestine Secrete – sweat glands Excrete wastes – kidney tubules Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Connective Tissue • Supports and protects • Function depends on location • Many different forms § § Adipose Bone Cartilage Tendons Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nervous Tissue • Composed of cells called neurons • Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves • Allows for conduction of electrical impulses between brain and rest of the body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 2. 2 The appearance of different types of tissues—muscle, epithelial, nervous, connective— and their location within the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organs and Systems • Composed of several types of tissue • Work together as a unit • Perform special functions § Example: stomach contains: • Muscle fibers • Nerve tissues • Epithelial tissue continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organs and Systems • Composed of several organs working together in coordinated manner • Perform complex functions § Example: stomach plus other digestive organs including mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and colon work together to break down, digest, and absorb food Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Integumentary System • Two-way barrier and temperature regulation • Organs § § § Skin Hair Nails Sweat glands Sebaceous glands Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Musculoskeletal System • Supports and protects body, forms blood cells, stores minerals • Organs § Bones § Joints continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Musculoskeletal System • Muscles produce movement • Organs § Muscles Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Cardiovascular System • Pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes • Organs § Heart § Arteries § Veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Blood (Hematic System) • Transports oxygen, protects, and controls bleeding • Organs § § Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Lymphatic System • Protects body • Organs § § § Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Spleen Thymus gland Tonsils Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Respiratory System • Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide • Organs § § § Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tubes Lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Digestive or Gastrointestinal System • Ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients • Organs § § Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Digestive or Gastrointestinal System • Organs § § Small intestine Colon Liver & gallbladder Pancreas Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Urinary System • Filters waste and removes from body • Organs § § Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Female Reproductive System • Produces eggs and provides place for baby • Organs § § § Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva Breast Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Male Reproductive System • Produces sperm • Organs § § § § Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Penis Seminal vesicles Prostate glans Bulbourethral glands Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Endocrine System • Regulates metabolic activity • Organs § § Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Endocrine System • Organs § § Thymus gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Ovaries & testes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nervous System • Receives sensory information and coordinates response • Organs § Brain § Spinal cord § Nerves Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Special Senses – Eye • Vision • Organs § Eyes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Special Senses – Ear • Hearing and balance • Organs § Ears Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Body System Terms • Cardiovascular § cardi/o + vascul/o + -ar § Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels • Muscular § muscul/o + -ar § Pertaining to muscles continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Body System Terms • Lymphatic § lymph/o + -atic § Pertaining to lymph • Hematic § hemat/o + -ic § Pertaining to blood Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Medical Specialties by System • Integumentary • Musculoskeletal • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Dermatology • Orthopedics, Orthopedic Surgery • Endocrinology • Cardiology continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Medical Specialties by System • Blood • Lymphatic • Respiratory • Hematology • Immunology • Otorhinolaryngology, Pulmonology, Thoracic Surgery continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Medical Specialties by System • Digestive • Urinary • Female Reproductive • Male Reproductive • Gastroenterology, Proctology • Urology • Gynecology, Obstetrics • Urology continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Medical Specialties by System • Nervous • Eye • Ear • Neurology, Neurosurgery • Ophthalmology • Otorhinolaryngology Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Medical Specialty Terms • Gastroenterology § gastr/o + -logy § Study of stomach and small intestine • Gynecology § gynec/o + -logy § Study of the female continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Medical Specialty Terms • Ophthalmology § ophthalm/o + -logy § Study of the eye • Dermatology § dermat/o + -logy § Study of the skin Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Anatomical Position • Used when describing positions and relationships of structures in body • Assume person is in anatomical position even if body or parts of the body are in other positions Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Anatomical Position • • • Standing erect Arms at side of body Palms facing forward Eyes straight forward Legs are parallel Feet and toes pointing forward Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 2. 3 The anatomical position: standing erect, gazing straight ahead, arms down at sides, palms facing forward, fingers extended, legs together, and toes pointing forward. (Patrick Watson, Pearson Education) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Planes • Used to assist in describing the body and its parts • Three planes: § Sagittal plane § Frontal plane § Transverse plane Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Sagittal Plane • • • Also called median plane Vertical plane Runs lengthwise from front to back Divides body into left and right portions Cut along sagittal plane yields a sagittal section Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Frontal Plane • • Also called coronal plane Vertical plane Runs lengthwise from side to side Divides body into front and back positions continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Frontal Plane • Cut along frontal plane yields a frontal section or coronal section Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Transverse Plane • Also called horizontal plane • Crosswise plane, runs parallel to the ground • Divides body into upper and lower portions continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Transverse Plane • Cut along transverse plane yields a transverse section Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 2. 4 The planes of the body. The sagittal plane is vertical from front to back, the frontal plane is vertical from left to right, and the transverse plane is horizontal. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Planes • Cross-section § Produced by slice perpendicular to long axis of structure • Longitudinal section § Produced by lengthwise slice along axis of structure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Regions • • Brachial – arm Cephalic – head Cervical – neck Crural – leg Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Regions of the Trunk (torso) • Anterior trunk § § Thoracic – chest Abdominal Pelvic Pubic – genitals • Posterior trunk § Dorsum – back § Vertebral § Gluteal – buttocks Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 2. 5 Anterior and posterior views of the body illustrating the location of various body regions. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Body Region Terms • Cervical § cervic/o + -al § Pertaining to the neck • Cephalic § cephal/o + -ic § Pertaining to the head continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Body Region Terms • Brachial § brachi/o + -al § Pertaining to the arm • Thoracic § thorac/o + -ic § Pertaining to the chest Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Cavities • Body is not solid structure; has many open spaces or cavities • Two dorsal cavities § Cranial cavity § Spinal cavity • Two ventral cavities § Thoracic cavity § Abdominopelvic cavity Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Dorsal Cavities • Cranial cavity § Contains brain • Spinal cavity § Contains spinal cord Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Thoracic Cavity • Contains § Two lungs § Central mediastinum continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Thoracic Cavity • Mediastinum contains: § § § Heart Aorta Esophagus Trachea Thymus gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Abdominopelvic Cavity • Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm • Superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity • Contain digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 2. 6 The dorsal (red) and ventral (purple) body cavities. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Viscera Encased in Sac • Double layered membranous sac § Called pleura in thoracic cavity § Called peritoneum in abdominopelvic cavity • Parietal layer § Outer layer that lines cavities • Visceral layer § Inner layer that contacts viscera Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Subdivisions of Pleura • Pleural cavity § Surrounds the lungs • Pericardial cavity § Surrounds the heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen • Upper row regions § Hypochondriac § Epigastric • Middle row regions § Lumbar § Umbilical • Lower row regions § Inguinal § Hypogastric Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Table 2. 4, Figure A The anatomical divisions of the abdomen. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Clinical Divisions of Abdomen • Right upper quadrant (RUQ) § § § Majority of liver Gallbladder Small portion of pancreas Small intestine Colon continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Clinical Divisions of Abdomen • Right lower quadrant (RLQ) § § § Small intestine Colon Right ovary Right fallopian tube Appendix Right ureter continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Clinical Divisions of Abdomen • Left upper quadrant (LUQ) § § § Small portion of liver Spleen Stomach Majority of pancreas Small intestine Colon continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Clinical Divisions of Abdomen • Left lower quadrant (LLQ) § § § Small intestine Colon Left ovary Left fallopian tube Left ureter Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Table 2. 4, Figure B The clinical divisions of the abdomen. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Directional and Positional Terms • Assist medical personnel in position or location of patient's complaint • Help to describe one process, organ, or system as it relates to another • They are listed in pairs that have opposite meanings in following table Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Terms for Describing Body Position • Superior or cephalic § More towards head • Inferior or caudal § More towards feet • Anterior or ventral § More towards front or belly-side of body continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Terms for Describing Body Position • Posterior or dorsal § More towards back or spinal cord side of body • Medial § More towards middle continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Terms for Describing Body Position • Lateral § More towards side • Proximal § Nearer to the point of attachment to body • Distal § Farther away from point of attachment to body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 2. 7 Anterior and lateral views of the body illustrating directional terms. (Michal Heron, Pearson Education) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Terms for Describing Body Position • Apex § Tip or summit of organ • Base § Bottom or lower part of an organ • Superficial § More towards surface of body • Deep § Further away from surface of body continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Terms for Describing Body Position • Supine § Lying horizontally facing upward Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 2. 8 A The supine position. (Richard Logan, Pearson Education) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Terms for Describing Body Position • Prone § Lying horizontally facing downward Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 2. 8 B The prone position. (Richard Logan, Pearson Education) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Directional Terms • Superior § super/o + -ior § Pertaining to being above • Lateral § later/o + -al § Pertining to the side continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Building Directional Terms • Anterior § anter/o + -ior § Pertaining to the front • Dorsal § dors/o + -al § Pertaining to the back of the body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization Abbreviations AP anteroposterior CV cardiovascular ENT ear, nose, and throat GI gastrointestinal GYN gynecology lateral LE lower extremity (leg) continued on next slide Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Body Organization Abbreviations LLQ left lower quadrant LUQ left upper quadrant MS musculoskeletal OB obstetrics PA posteroanterior RLQ right lower quadrant RUQ right upper quadrant UE upper extremity (arm) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Combining Forms Match Up 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. adip/o caud/o crur/o glute/o hist/o a. b. c. d. e. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Sixth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen | Suzanne S. Frucht tissue leg tail fat buttock Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved