Medical Terminology Dr Atef Masad Ph D Biomedicine

Medical Terminology Dr Atef Masad Ph. D Biomedicine United Kingdom

Goal of Course l l 2 Communication between medical specialists and supporting staff requires knowledge of a consistent and reproducible vocabulary. It is important for students to realize that accurate spelling, pronunciation, and usage of medical terms is of extreme importance in the care of a patient. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Textbook: 1 - An Introduction to Medical Terminology for Health Care BY Andrew R. Mutton THIRD EDITION. 2 - Medical terminology for health professions l Sixth Edition BY ANN EHRLICH and CAROL L. SCHROEDER l 3 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Course Objectives l l At the end of the course, students will be able to: Identify and describe the major organ systems of the body. Describe the major diseases and disorders affecting each body system. Define word roots, combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of medical terms. 4 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l l l 5 Define new and unfamiliar words by analyzing the elements of medical terminology. Master pronunciation and spelling of common medical words. Evaluate and interpret medical records and other forms of medical communication. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Course Grading Policies: Midterm exam 30% l Quizzes 10% l Semester project 10% l Final Examination 50% 100% l 6 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l 7 Written exams will consist of multiple choice, true-false, and essay questions. A portion of the each exam will be dictated vocabulary where you will be required to furnish the correct spelling and/or definition of a word. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l Quizzes will consist of multiple choice and dictation questions. Quizzes will consist of questions taken from the previous week’s material. l The final examination will be a cumulative exam featuring questions from the entire semester and semester projects. 8 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Semester Project: l l l 9 One of the objectives of the course is to ascertain knowledge of diseases and disorders which affect the major body systems. The semester project will give the student an opportunity to study and learn about a particular disease state. The semester project will link the vocabulary you learn throughout the semester to real-life medicine. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Components of the Project: l l 10 A written paper describing the disease state. This paper should be no longer than 3 pages, typewritten, size 12 font. The written paper should include a bibliography in the standard format. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

An oral presentation l l l 11 You will give a 10 -15 minute presentation to the class about your selected disease/topic. You should stress how the disease presents, how it is diagnosed, what system and organs are affected, how it is treated, and a discussion about how the disease relates to this course. The presentation may be a poster board or Power. Point type. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l 12 Your presentation should include a one-page original handout about the disease. You should prepare this handout for each member of the class. The final exam will include questions taken from these handouts and presentations. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

13 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Four Parts 14 • Word Root – the word part that is the core of the word • Suffix – a word part attached to the end of the word root to modify its meaning • Prefix – a word part attached to the beginning of a word root to modify its meaning • Combining Vowel – a word part, usually an “O” 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Word Root • The word root is the word part that is the core of the word l l l 15 The word root usually refers to a body part. Some root words are derived from the Latin or Greek language. – player = play / er – arthritis = arthr / itis – hepatitis = hepat / itis 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

16 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Word Root Examples l “dent” means tooth l “dermat” means skin l “cardi” means heart l “gastr” means stomach l “pancreat” means pancreas 17 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Suffix l l 18 The suffix is a word part attached to the end of the word root to modify its meaning – player = play / er – hepatic = hepat / ic – hepatitis = hepat / itis 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Suffixes l l A suffix is a word element placed at the end of a word or word root that changes the meaning of the word. In the terms tonsill/itis, and tonsill/ectomy, the suffixes are – – l Changing the suffix changes the meaning of the word. l In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech. Many suffixes are derived from Greek or Latin words l 19 -itis (inflammation) and -ectomy (excision, removal). 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

20 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Suffixes Denoting Incisions l l l 21 -centesis puncture arthrocentesis -ectomy excision, removal appendectomy -stomy forming an opening (mouth) colostomy -tome instrument to cut osteotome -tomy incision, cut into phlebotomy 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Suffixes Denoting Reconstructive Surgeries l l 22 -desis binding, fixation (of a bone, joint) arthrodesis -pexy suspension, fixation (of an organ) mastopexy -rrhaphy suture myorrhaphy -plasty surgical repair rhinoplasty 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Suffixes Denoting Refractururing, Loosening, or Crushing l l l 23 -clasis break, fracture osteoclasis -lysis separation, destruction, loosening enterolysis -tripsy crushing lithotripsy 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and Related Suffixes l l 24 -algia pain cephalalgia -dynia pain gastrodynia -cele hernia, swelling hepatocele -ectasis dilation, expansion bronchiectasis 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l l l 25 -emesis vomiting hyperemesis -emia blood condition leukemia -gen or -genesis forming, producing, origin carcinogen or osteogenesis -gram record, a writing cardiogram -graph instrument cardiograph 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l l l 26 -iasis abnormal condition cholelithiasis -itis inflammation gastritis -lith stone, calculus cholelith -logist specialist in the study of dermatologist -logy study of psychology 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

27 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l l l 28 -malacia softening osteomalacia -megaly enlargement hepatomegaly -meter instrument for recording thermometer -metry act of measuring pelvimetry -oid resembling lipoid 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l l l 29 -oma tumor adenoma -osis abnormal condition, increase dermatosis -para to bear (also a prefix) multipara -paresis partial paralysis hemaparesis -pathy disease neuropathy 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l l l 30 -penia decrease, deficiency leukopenia -phagia eating, swallowing dysphagia -phasia speech aphasia -philia attraction to hemophilia -phobia fear claustrophobia 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l l l 31 -plasia formation, growth hyperplasia -plegia paralysis, stroke hemiplegia -poiesis formation, production hemopoiesis -ptosis prolapse hysteroptosis -rrhage or -rrhagia bursting forth hemorrhage or menorrhagia 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l l l 32 -rrhea discharge, flow diarrhea -rrhexis rupture angiorrhexis -scope instrument to view gastroscope -scopy visual examination gastroscopy -spasm involuntary contraction blepharospasm 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l l 33 -stasis standing still hemostasis -stenosis narrowing, stricture arteriostenosis -toxic poison thyrotoxic -trophy development, nourishment atrophy 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes l l 34 A prefix is a word element attached to the beginning of a word or word root. Adding or changing a prefix changes the meaning of the word. The prefix usually indicates a number, time, position, or direction. Many of the same prefixes found in medical terminology are also found in the English language 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Examples l l l 35 – replay = re / play – subhepatic = sub / hepat / ic – intravenous = intra / ven / ous (within, vein, relating to 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

36 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Hypoinsulinemia Hypo / insulin / emia Prefix LOW 37 Word root INSULIN suffix BLOOD 12/4/2020 Notice that there is no combining vowel in this word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel. Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Position l Anteprepro- antepartum, antecubital preoperative prootic l epidermis, epidural, epinephrine l l 38 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Position l l l 39 hypoinfrasubintermedimeso- hypodermic, hypoallergenic infrapubic subcutaneous, submarine intercostal, internet medial, median mesoderm 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Position l l 40 postretro- postnatal retroperitoneal 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Number and Measurement l l l l 41 Bidiplo hemisemihypermacro- bilateral diplopia diplococci hemiplegia semicircular hyperglycemia large 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Number and Measurement l l 42 Micromonounimulti- microscope mononuclear unilateral multipara 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Number and Measurement l l 43 Polyprimiquadritri- polyphobia, polymer primigravida quadriplegia triceps 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Negation l l 44 Aanimin- asymptomatic anesthesia impotency insane, insensitive 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Direction l l l 45 Ab-abnormal adadduction, addition circum- circumoral, circumference periosteitis, perimeter ecectopia exexcise 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Direction l l l l 46 Diatransectoexoextraendointra- diarrhea transfusion ectoderm exotropia extraocular endocardium intradermal 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Direction l l l l 47 Parasupersupraanticontrabradydys- paranasal supersensitive suprarenal antibacterial contraception slow dyspepsia 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Direction l l l l 48 Eu-eupnea hetero- different homo- homosexual malmalnutrition panpanhysterectomy, panacea pseudo- pseudoplegia synsynarthrosis, synthesis tachy- tachypnea 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Combining Vowel l l l 49 The combining vowel is a word part, usually an “o” and is used: – between word roots – between a word root & a suffix to ease pronunciation – thermometer = therm / o / meter – arthropathy = arthr / o / pathy 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l l l 50 Oste / o / arthr / it is – The combining vowel is used to ease pronunciation; therefore, not all medical terms have combining vowels. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Combining form l l 51 A combining form is a word root with the combining vowel attached, separated by a vertical slash it is not a word part, rather it is the association of the word root and the combining vowel. To analyze a medical term divide it into word parts, label each word part, and label the combining forms. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Combining Forms l l Combining forms consist of a combining vowel. The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but others may be used. IE: gastr / o pronounced GASTRO. Word root 52 Combining vowel 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

53 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Guidelines l l 54 Guideline # one – When connecting a word root and a suffix, a combining vowel is usually not used if the suffix begins with a vowel. Hepat / ic – When connecting two word roots, a combining vowel is usually used even if vowels are present at the junction. A word root cannot stand alone. A suffix must be added to complete the term. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Word-Building System l 55 By understanding the meanings of word roots, one can determine the meaning of complex medical terms by putting together the smaller parts. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Leukocytopenia Word Roots: Leuk / (white) cyt / (cell) Combining Vowel / o / Suffix: / penia (decrease) 56 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

l l A combining vowel is used between a word root and a suffix that begins with a consonant (not a vowel). This is to make pronunciation easier. Word root: scler / (hardening) Suffix: / derma (skin) Term: Scler / o / derma (hardening of the skin) 57 Combining vowel 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Review 58 l A combining vowel IS used to link one root to another root, and before a suffix that begins with a consonant. l A combining vowel IS NOT used before a suffix that begins with a vowel. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Defining Medical Words l l Here are three basic rules for defining medical words using the example term gastroenteritis. Rule #1 – l Rule #2 – l Define the first part of the word (which may be a word root, combining form, or prefix). In this case, the combining form gastr/o means stomach. Rule #3 – 59 Define the suffix, or last part of the word. In this case, -itis, which means inflammation. Define the middle parts of the word. In this case, enter/ means intestine. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Defining Medical Words When you analyze gastroenteritis following the three previous rules, the meaning is revealed as: 1. inflammation (of) 2. stomach (and) 3. intestine l Thus, the definition of gastroenteritis is “inflammation (of) stomach (and) intestine. ” l 60 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

Building Medical Words l l There are three basic rules for building medical words. Rule #1 – l Rule #2 – l A combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant. Rule #3 – 61 A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel. Use a combining form to link a root to another root to form a compound word. 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad

62 12/4/2020 Dr Atef Masad