Medical Terminology Course Dr Ghassan Adnan Hasan 1

Medical Terminology Course Dr. Ghassan Adnan Hasan 1 1

Course Description: • Medical Terminology Course is ideal for students who have never studied medical terminology or for those who want to improve their knowledge in this area. • This course is strongly recommended for anyone who is studying in the College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, College of Pharmacy, and College of Applied Science. 2

Course Objectives: At the end of Medical Terminology Course students will be able to: Ø Define the meaning of medical terminology word roots, suffixes, and prefixes Ø Recognize and understand basic medical terms Ø Spell and pronounce basic medical terminology Ø List the divisions of the back. Ø Identify three planes of the body. 3

A Hay House Osteoarthritis Nephrectomy Cephalic Dermatitis Hematoma Hay House Psychosis Biopsy Arthralgia Renal Thrombocyte Arthrogram Nephrosis Hypoglycemia Transurethral Esophageal Arteriosclerosis Rhinorrhea 4 Iron Door Pelvic Necrosis Spinal Myalgia

The Longest Medical Term English Word Antidisestablishmentarianism Medical Word Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 5

Medical Word Elements (Parts) A medical word consists of: • Root: gives the essential meaning of the term. – Suffix: is the word ending. – Prefix: is a small part added to the beginning of a term. – Combining form: is the combination of the root and the – combining vowel. Combining vowel: connects roots to suffixes and roots to – other roots. 6

Examples of Word Roots Root: gives the essential meaning of the term. Greek or Latin Word Nephros (Gr) Oris (L) Renes (L) Word root Nephr Or Ren Meaning Kidney Mouth Kidney Dermatos (Gr) Derm Skin 7

Examples of Suffixes Suffix: is the word ending. Combining Suffix Medical Word Meaning form Gastr/o -itis Gastritis Inflammation (stomach) (inflammation) of the stomach -megaly Gastromegaly Enlargement (enlargement) of the stomach -oma Gastroma Tumor of the (tumor) stomach 8

Examples of Prefixes Prefix: is a small part added to the beginning of a term. Prefix Hyper(above normal) Intra(in, within) Word Root Therm (heat) Suffix Medical Word Meaning -ia (condition) Hyperthermia Muscul -ar Intramuscular (muscle) (pertainiing to) 9 Condition of excessive heat Within the muscle

Examples of Combining Forms Combining form: is the combination of the root and the combining vowel. Word Root Gastr Hepat Immun Vowel O O O Combining form Gastr/o Hepat/o Immun/o Meaning Stomach Liver Immune, safe Oste O Oste/o Bone 10

Basic Rules Defining Medical Words Rule #1 Define the suffix or last part of the word Rule #2 Define the first part of the word Rule #3 Define the middle parts of the word 11

Example of Defining Rules Gastroenteritis Combining form Middle Gastr /o Enter/o Stomach Intestines Rule 2 Rule 3 Suffix -itis inflammation Rule 1 • Definition – Inflammation of the stomach and intestines 12

Basic Rules Building Medical Words Rule #1 A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel Example Hepat/o + -itis = hepatitis Inflammation of the liver Rule #2 A combining form links a suffix that begins with a consonant Example Hepat/o + -cyte = hepatocyte Liver cell 13

Building Medical Words Rule #3 Use a combining form to link a root to another root to form a compound word Example Oste/o + chondr/o + -itis = osteochondritis Inflammation of bone and cartilage 14

Hemat/o/logy root (blood) 15 combining Vowel suffix (study of)

Electr/o/cardi/o/gram root combining suffix vowel (electricity) (heart) (record) 16

Gastr/o/enter/o/logy root combining suffix vowel (stomach) (intestines) (study of) 17

Gastr/o/scope combining form (stomach) 18 suffix (instrument to visually examine)

Gastr/ic root (stomach) 19 suffix (pertaining to)

Cardi/ac root (heart) 20 suffix (pertaining to)

Enter/itis root suffix (intestines) (inflammation) 21

Gastr/o/enter/itis root combining root suffix vowel (stomach) (intestines) (inflammation) 22

Sub/gastr/ic prefix (below) 23

Trans/gastr/ic prefix (across) 24

Retro/gastr/ic prefix (behind) 25

REMEMBER Some important rules to remember are: Ø Read the meaning of medical words from the suffix to the beginning of the word and then across. 2 Example: gastroenterology 1 3 Ø Drop the combining vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowel. Example: gastric gastr/o -ic Ø Keep the combining vowel between word root, even if the second root begins with a vowel. Example: gastroenterology 26

FORMATION OF PLURALS 1. Words ending in a, retain the a and add e: vertebra bursa vertebrae bursae Backbones Sacs of fluid near a joint 2. Words ending in is, drop the is and add es: diagnosis psychosis diagnoses psychoses Determination of the nature and cause of disease Abnormal conditions of the mind 3. Words ending in ex or ix, drop the ex or ix, and add ices: apex cortex varix apices cortices varices Pointed ends of organs Outer parts of organs Enlarged, swollen veins 4. Words ending in on, drop the on and add a: ganglion ganglia Group of nerve cells, benign cysts near a joint 5. Words ending in um, drop the um and add a: bacterium ovum bacteria ova Types of one-celled organisms Egg cells 6. Words ending in us, drop the us and add i: bronchus calculus bronchi calculi 27 Tubes leading from the windpipe to the lungs Stones

PRONUNCIATION OF TERMS The capitalized letters in BOLDFACE represent the accented syllable. -itis 28 -oma Ade. NItis Ade. NOma Ar. THRItis Carci. NOma Ente. RItis Hema. TOma Hepa. TItis Hepa. TOma Pleu. RItis Myosar. COma Derma. TItis Mye. LOma Oste. Itis Oste. Oma

PRONUNCIATION OF TERMS The capitalized letters in BOLDFACE represent the accented syllable. -logy 29 -osis / -sis Cardi. OLogy Diag. NOsis Pa. THOLogy Prog. NOsis Bi. OLogy Psy. CHOsis Neu. ROLogy Throm. BOsis Gyne. COLogy Derma. TOsis Ne. PHROLogy Ne. PHROsis Gastroente. ROLogy Ne. CROsis

PRONUNCIATION OF TERMS The capitalized letters in BOLDFACE represent the accented syllable. 30 -scope GAStroscope -scopy Gas. TROScopy CYStoscope Cys. TOScopy ARthroscope Ar. THROScopy Oph. THALmoscope Ophthal. MOScopy LAParoscope Lapa. ROScopy BRONchoscope Bron. CHOScopy

PRONUNCIATION OF TERMS The capitalized letters in BOLDFACE represent the accented syllable. -sis -osis Diagnosis Psychosis Prognosis Nephrosis Necrosis Thrombosis Dermatosis 31

Latin and Greek Latin root is used with –AL, meaning ‘pertaining to’ Greek root is used to describe abnormal conditions and procedures Examples Renal Nephrectomy Dermal Dermatitis 32

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes Combining Forms Medical Term Meaning Adenoma Tumor of the gland Adenitis Inflammation of the gland Arthritis Inflammation of the joint Biology Study of life Biopsy Carcinoma To view life Mass of cancer, cancerous tumor Cardiology Study of the heart Cephalic Pertaining to the head Cerebral Pertaining to cerebrum Cerebrovascular Pertaining to blood vessels 33

Combining Forms Medical Term Meaning An instrument to visually examine the urinary bladder Cystoscope Cytology Study of cell Dermal Pertaining to skin Dermatitis Inflammation of skin Electrocardiogram Record of electricity of the heart Electroencephalogram Record of electricity of the brain Enteritis Inflammation of intestines Erythrocyte Gastroscopy Cell of red color, red cell Process of visual examination of the stomach Diagnosis State of complete knowledge 34

Combining Forms Medical Term Meaning Prognosis State of before knowledge Gynecology Study of woman Hemoglobin Protein of blood Hematoma Mass of blood Hepatitis Inflammation of liver Laparotomy Leukocyte Incision of the abdomen Cell of white color, white cell Nephrectomy Excision of kidney Neurology Study of nerve Oncologist Specialist in the study of tumor 35

Combining Forms Medical Term Meaning Ophthalmoscope An instrument to visually examine the eye Osteoarthritis Inflammation of bone and joint Pathologist Specialist in the study of disease Psychosis Abnormal condition of mind Renal Rhinitis Pertaining to kidney Inflammation of nose Sarcoma Tumor, mass of flesh Thrombocyte Cell of clotting, platelet Thrombosis Abnormal condition of clotting 36

Suffixes Medical Term Meaning Neural Pertaining to the nerve Arthralgia Pain of the joint Leukocyte Cell of white, white cell Gastrectomy Excision of the stomach Leukemia Blood condition of white cell Hemoglobin Arthrogram Protein of the blood Record ‘X-ray’ of the joint Cephalgia Pain, condition of pain of the head Gastric Pertaining to the stomach Hyperthyroidism Condition of excessive hormone called ‘thyroxine’ 37

Suffixes Medical Term Meaning Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestines Neurologist Specialist in the study of the nerve Nephrology Study of the kidney Hepatoma Tumor of the liver Biopsy Nephrosis To view life Abnormal condition of the kidney Gastroscope An instrument to visually examine the stomach Laparoscopy Process of visual examination of the abdomen Arthroscopy Process of visual examination of the joint Prognosis State of before knowledge Neurotomy Incision of the nerve 38

Prefixes Medical Term Meaning Anemia Condition of no blood Autopsy To view self ‘a dead body with one’s eyes’ Diagnosis State of complete knowledge Diameter To measure through Dysentery Condition of painful intestines Endocrine gland Endocardium To secrete within Structure of the heart Exocrine gland To secrete outside Hyperglycemia Condition of high level of sugar in blood Hypoglycemia Condition of low level of sugar in blood 39

Prefixes Medical Term Meaning Prostate gland Stands in front Resection Cutting into an organ back Retrogastric Pertaining to behind the stomach Subhepatic Pertaining to below the liver Transdermal Pertaining to across, through skin Pertaining to across, through urethra Transurethral 40

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