Medical Terminology Where did medical terminology come from
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Medical Terminology
Where did medical terminology come from? �Most come from Greek or Latin �As medicine advanced, more modern terms have come from German, French and English �Generally medical terms for determining illness or describing surgery have Greek origins. �Terms for parts of the body generally have Latin roots.
Sample Medical Record �Mrs Gravelle is an 80 year old female with deteriorating general health. She suffers with the following chronic conditions: blepharitis, which occludes her vision at time; angiocele of coronary vessels causing a tachycardia between 120 -130. frequent episodes of epistaxis. Current complaints include SOB and congestion of the sinus and chest area. Bilateral rales are present, nares are inflamed with profuse rhinorrhea. Rx is BR, antibiotics Qi. D, 240 cc of cl liq Q 1 hr. Decongestant Q 4 h and PRN.
Pronounciation of medical terms � � ch is sometimes pronounced like a k Examples: chemoreceptor, chronic � � ps is pronounced like s Examples: psychiatry, psychology � � pn is pronounced with only the n sound Examples: pneumonia, pneumogastric � � c and g are given the soft sound of s and j respectively Examples: cell, cilia, genetics, Giardia � � ae and oe are pronounced ee Examples: fasciae, coelom � � i at the end of a word is pronounced eye (to form a plural) Examples: alveoli, glomeruli � � es when forming the final letters of a word, is often pronounced as a separate syllable Example: nares (nah’reez)
Medical Word Parts � Prefix: Beginning part of a word preceding the word root. � Example: peri� Root: Central part and determines the meaning of a word. � Example: cardi- � Suffix: Last part of the word that changes its meaning. � Example: -itis � Combining A root with an added vowel for easier pronunciation. � Form Example: rhin/o
Common Abbreviations �Cath. �B/P �hs �Spec. �CPR �Pc �q �Q 2 h �qod, QOD NPO bid IV Hyper. ROM po qhs Pt, pt I & O post am, AM fx lab w/c qid, QID amt. dc CA
Abbreviations (continued) �ss �pm, PM �BR, br �ax �c/o �ht �liq. �OOB, oob c postop O 2 stat wt cc BRP noct, noc. OPD bm, BM CBC s dx amb H 2 O
Examples �Please write the following situation out in whole words/no abbreviations: � 58 y/o male c/o SOB and fever. Upon arrival to ED his VS are as follows: T 102. 3 P 115 R 30 BP 102/60 and O 2 at 85%. Pt. w/hx of COPD, URI, Lung CA, CHF and DM. Orders are as follows: stat CXR, stat CBC, adm O 2 at 2 l/min and start IV of D 5 NS @ 125 ml/h. Admit to med unit, DM diet, VS Q 4 h, BR w/BRP
Examples �Write the following sentences in abbreviated format: � 20 milliequivalent of potassium chloride by mouth four times a day before meals. �Temperature, pulse and respirations every 6 hours �Eight ounces of magnesium citrate every four hours until BM �Complete bedrest until blood pressure less than 145 three times �Admit to Coronary Care Unit, electrocardiogram immedately, blood work to be done: complete blood count, blood/urea/nitrogen; vital signs every four hours
Prefixes �Syllable or word placed at the beginning tells the how, why, where, when, how much, how many, direction, time. �Examples: �Pre means before �Tachy means fast
Prefixes Continued �Brady means slow �Hemi means half �These are just a few examples. These prefixes combined with root words and suffixes make up terms that describe human anatomy, organ systems, clinical and diagnostic imaging, lab testing, together with clinical procedures, surgeries and diagnoses.
Word Roots �Definition: Main words or parts to which prefixes and suffixes can be added. �By learning basic prefixes, suffixes, and word roots, you will frequently be able to interpret the meaning of a word even when you have never before seen the word �In the example appendicitis, the word root is appendix. By adding the prefix pseudo, which means “false, ” and the suffix itis, which means “inflammation, ” the word becomes pseudoappendicitis. This is interpreted as a “false inflammation of the appendix. ”
Word Roots Continued �When prefixes, suffixes, and/or word roots are joined together, vowels are frequently added. Common examples include a, e, i, ia, io, o and u. The vowels are not used if the word root or suffix begins with a vowel. �Example: encephal (o) means brain. When it is combined with itis, meaning inflammation of, the vowel is not used for encephalitis. When it is combined with gram, meaning tracing or record, the vowel “o” is added for encephalogram.
Word Roots Continued � Example: hepat (o) means liver. When it is combined with itis, the vowel is not used for hepatitis. When it is combined with megaly, meaning enlarged, the vowel “o” is added for hepatomegaly. �Other examples: �Peri + Cardi/o + Ectomy = Pericardiectomy which is the surgical removal of a portion of the membrane surrounding the heart.
Word Roots Continued �Crani + otomy = craniotomy crani means pertaining to the skull, otomy means cutting into. Craniotomy is surgical opening into the skull �Leuko + cyte = leukocyte leuko means whit, cyte means cell. Leukocyte is a white cell �Para + plegia = paraplegia para means lower half of body, plegia means paralysis. Paraplegia is paralysis of the legs and lower body.
Suffixes �Defined as a syllable or word placed at the end of a word. The ending part of a word that modifies the meaning of the word. Examples: ology-study of, science of; Biology lysis-destruction, dissolving of; Autolysis osis-condition, state, process; Osteoporosis
Pulling it All Together �It is impossible to memorize all of the words of a medical dictionary that are used in health occupations. �By breaking these words into parts, however, it is sometimes possible to figure out their meanings. �In order to communicate effectively, health care workers must be familiar with common abbreviations and terminology.
Bringing Root Words and Suffixes Together �Examples: �neuralgia �hysterectomy �mammogram �anemia �carditis �thrombolysis �colostomy cardiomalacia hepatomegaly biologist carcinoma rhinorrhea necrosis cardiomyopathy
Bringing Root Words and Suffixes together �Examples continued: �osteopenia myospasm �thrombolysis
Bell. Work for Monday 1/27 �When you see the statement “What word elements are used to form common health care terms and abbreviations? ” What do you think the term elements means? How would you explain it in terms of medical use?
Bell Ringer for Thursday �A patient has just had a thoracotomy. Where would you find a surgical wound on this patient? �Back �Lower leg �Neck �Chest
Bell Ringer for Thursday �Which of the following would be a normal complaint of a marathon runner? �Nephrosis �Myalgia �Hematuria �Hydrocephalus
Bell Ringer for Friday �What is the most likely reason to perform a mastectomy? �Breast Cancer �Fracture �Hepatitis �Ligament Strain
Bell Ringer for Tuesday-Root Word �If a patient has had a cerebrovascular accident, what part of their body has been affected?
Bell Ringer for Friday-Prefixes �What do you think a patient with hypoglycemia is suffering from?
Bell Ringer for Tuesday-Root Word �If a patient has had a cerebrovascular accident, what part of their body has been affected?
Bell Ringer for Thursday-Abbrev. �Write following orders as abbreviations: �Immediate electrocardiogram, vital signs every 2 hours, 30 cubic centimeters of cough syrup by mouth as needed or whenever necessary
Questions �Joe has kidney stones, he should see a: gastroenterologist, pathologist, nephrologist or neurologist �What prefix means before: pre, semi, sub, tachy �If a patient is turned q 2 h, how many times will the patient be turned during an 8 hour shift? 2, 4, 8, 16 �What instrument would a doctor use to examine the urinary bladder? Gastroscope, proctoscope, otoscope or cystoscope �What prefix means slow: brady, anti, bi, dys
Questions Continued: �What health professional would use an opthalmascope? Dentist, xray technician, a foot doctor, an eye doctor �What prefix means half? Hemi, contra, tachy, contra �Maria has osteoporosis. She needs to see a doctor who specializes in the study of the : skin, bones, eyes or lungs. �Kate complained of upper abdominal pain immediately after eating spicy food. She most likely has: arteriosclerosis, spelnomegaly, gastritis or nephrosis
Questions Continued �Physicians believe that Fatima may have septicemia. What would be tested to confirm the diagnosis: sputum, blood, urine, spinal fluid �Chris was hit by a baseball and needs a rhinoplasty. He was hit in the: stomach, chest, face, pelvis �What root word means ear: chem, erythro, neuro, oto �What suffix means removal of: algia, ectomy, ology, stasis �Which of the following is symptom of pericarditis: bloody urine, chest pain, difficulty swallowing or headache
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