Medical Terminology Chapter 11 The Urinary System NWTC

Medical Terminology Chapter 11 The Urinary System NWTC Medical Terminology 1

Function n n Maintaining Homeostasis Constantly filtering blood to remove urea and other waste products Maintaining the proper balance of water, salts, and other substances by removing or reabsorbing them as needed Excreting the waste products via the urine NWTC Medical Terminology 2

Anatomy & Physiology n Urinary System 2 kidneys n 2 ureters n 1 urethra n 1 bladder n NWTC Medical Terminology 3

Anatomy & Physiology § § Urine is formed in the kidneys Ureters carry the urine to the bladder Bladder is a temporary reservoir for the urine Urine is excreted through the urethra NWTC Medical Terminology 4

Anatomy & Physiology Function of the Kidneys n n n n Maintain the chemical composition of the blood by selective secretion of solutes Maintain blood p. H, thus contributing to acid base balance Excretion of nitrogenous waste products of protein metabolism, mainly urea, uric acid, and creatinine Degrade insulin Metabolize Vitamin D to its active form Production of renin, erythropoietin, and prostaglandins Maintain plasma volume by varying the excretion of water NWTC Medical Terminology 5

Anatomy & Physiology n n n n Renal Pertaining to the kidney Ureteral Pertaining to the ureter Cyst(o) Bladder, cyst or fluid filled sac Urethral Pertaining to the urethra NWTC Medical Terminology 6

Anatomy & Physiology n n n n Kidney is encased in a fibrous capsule Fibrous capsule provides protection The notch or depression on the inner border where the renal artery, renal vein, lymphatics, and nerves enter or leave the kidney Hilum Pyel(o) Renal pelvis Funnel shaped structure located in the center of each kidney NWTC Medical Terminology 7

Anatomy & Physiology n n n Nephr(o) Kidney Nephron Functional unit of kidney comprised of a glomerulus and tubules. Glomerulus is a cluster of blood vessels surrounded by Bowman's capsule NWTC Medical Terminology 8

Anatomy & Physiology n n n NWTC Glomerulus Filter for the blood Bowman’s capsule collects the substances that filter through the glomerular walls and passes them through a long twisting tube. The renal tubule is a long twisting tubule that consists of a proximal tubule, a loop of Henle, and a distal tubule that opens into a collecting duct. The function of the nephron is to filter blood and reabsorption of the substances that the body conserves. Medical Terminology 9

Anatomy & Physiology n n NWTC Waste products and some of remaining water in the tubules after reabsorption combine to become urine This urine passes through the collecting duct to the renal pelvis From renal pelvis urine passes through the ureters to the bladder Bladder – collapsible muscular bag that serves as a reservoir for urine Medical Terminology 10

Anatomy & Physiology n n n NWTC Healthy bladder can hold 500 ml ( 1 pint) or more Micturition, voiding, urination – expelling urine form the bladder Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculates the volume of fluid filtered by the glomeruli Medical Terminology 11

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n Physical Assessment – KUB n n NWTC Abdominal inspection Auscultation Palpation Percussion Medical Terminology 12

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n n n Laboratory tests – Urinalysis Color Specific gravity Chemicals p. H, urea, ammonia, creatinine, salts, sugar, albumin, ketones, blood NWTC Medical Terminology 13

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n n n n n NWTC Gylcosuria Sugar in the urine Hematuria Blood in the urine Proteinuria Protein in the urine Albuminuria Albumin in the urine Ketonuria Ketones in the urine Medical Terminology 14

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n Microscopic study n n n NWTC Body cells Crystals Bacteria Pyuria Pus in the urine Pus – necrotic white blood cells Medical Terminology 15

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n Urine culture n n Urine sensitivity n NWTC Identify pathogenic bacteria present Antibiotic sensitivity test Medical Terminology 16

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n n Voided specimen Clean catch specimen Catheterized specimen 24 hour urine collection n NWTC Urine Calcium Creatinine Medical Terminology 17

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n n n NWTC Blood tests Serum creatinine test Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Medical Terminology 18

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n n n Urinary Catheterization Catheter through urethra Temporary or permanent drainage of urine n n NWTC Urethral Ureteral Suprapubic Nephrostomy Medical Terminology 19

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n Urodynamic studies n Cystometrography n n Electromyography n NWTC Measure bladder capacity in relation to changing urine pressure Evaluate the strength of the muscles used in voiding Medical Terminology 20

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n n n n NWTC Urinary Radiography KUB X-ray (kidneys, ureters, bladder) Intravenous pyelography (IVP) Cystography Urethrography Cystourethrography Voiding cystourethrogram Medical Terminology 21

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n n n NWTC Renal angiography Renal arteriogram Kidney scan (renography) Nephrosonography Nephrotomography Medical Terminology 22

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures n n n NWTC Visual examination of the bladder Cystoscopy Urethroscopy Cystourethroscopy Nephroscopy Medical Terminology 23

Pathologies n n n n NWTC Uropathy Any disease of the urinary tract Renovascular disorders Affecting Blood vessels of the kidneys Dysuria Difficult or painful urination Polyuria Excretion of an abnormally large amount of urine Medical Terminology 24

Pathologies n n n Anuria Absence of urination olig(o) Few Oliguria Diminished capacity to form urine NWTC Medical Terminology 25

Pathologies n n n n Urination Patterns Urgency Frequency Hesitancy Urinary retention Incomplete emptying of the bladder Urinary reflex Abnormal backward or return flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters NWTC Medical Terminology 26

Pathologies n n n n Continence Ability to control bladder or bowel function Urinary incontinence Inability to control urination Enuresis Inability to control urination (bedwetting) Nocturia Excessive urination at night NWTC Medical Terminology 27

Pathologies n n Nephromegaly Enlarged kidney (unilateral, bilateral) Uremia Accumulation of toxic products in the blood NWTC Medical Terminology 28

Pathologies n Acute renal failure n n n Caused by n n Oliguria Rapid accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood Nephritis Interference with renal blood flow Conditions that disrupt urinary output Reversible when cause is identified and treated NWTC Medical Terminology 29

Pathologies n n n Chronic renal failure Condition in which the kidney gradually ceases to remove metabolic wastes and excessive water from the blood. Uremia is a major characteristic. May lead to the need for dialysis Kidney impairment is not reversible once the disease progress to the end stage. NWTC Medical Terminology 30

Pathologies n n n Nephrotoxic Substance that is toxic or destructive to the kidney cells Nephrolysis Destruction of the kidney or freeing the kidney from adhesions Nephromalacia Abnormal softening of the kidney NWTC Medical Terminology 31

Pathologies n n Urethrorrhagia Urethral hemorrhage Urethrorrhea Discharge from the urethra NWTC Medical Terminology 32

Pathologies n n Urinary Tract Infection of one or more structures of the urinary system n n n NWTC Urinary frequency Discomfort during urination Backache Fever Blood or pus in urine Medical Terminology 33

Pathologies n n Septicemia Systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating blood, having spread from an infection in another part of the body such as the urinary tract n n NWTC Urethritis Pyelonephritis Medical Terminology 34

Pathologies n n n n Cystitis Inflammation of the bladder Ureteritis Inflammation of a ureter Ureteropathy Any disease of the ureter Ureteropyelonephritis Inflammation of ureter, renal pelvis and the kidney NWTC Medical Terminology 35

Pathologies n n Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis Polycystic kidney disease Renal disorder in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts. Also called polycystic renal disease. NWTC Medical Terminology 36

Pathologies n n n n Nephritis Inflammation and abnormal kidney function Glomerulonephritis Glomeruli within the kidneys are inflamed Nephrotic syndrome Abnormal condition of the kidney characterized by marked proteinuria and edema Diabetic nephropathy Disease of the kidneys resulting from diabetes mellitus NWTC Medical Terminology 37

Pathologies n n Obstructive nephropathies Conditions that interfere with the flow of urine n n n n Prolapsed adjacent structures Tumors Stones Narrowing of ureters or urethra Dysfunctions of the bladder Hydronephrosis Hydroureter NWTC Medical Terminology 38

Pathologies n n n Uterine prolapse Loss of support that anchors the uterus, can result in pressure on the bladder Urethrocele Herniation of the urethra Cystocele Herniation of the bladder NWTC Medical Terminology 39

Pathologies n Benign prostatic hyperplasia n n NWTC Enlargement of the prostate Nonmalignant Noninflammatory Common in men over 50 years of age Medical Terminology 40

Pathologies n n n NWTC Urinary stones are named according to their location and can vary greatly in size Nephrolithiasis Kidney stone Ureterolithiasis Presence of stones in the ureter Medical Terminology 41

Pathologies n n n NWTC Ureteral or urethral stricture Narrowing of the lumen of the ureter or urethra Ureteral stenosis Urethral stenosis Ureteralvesical junction Pertains to ureter and bladder Medical Terminology 42

Pathologies n n n Renovascular disease Problems of the blood vessels of the kidney Nephrosclerosis n n Stenosis of the renal artery n n Partial or complete blocking of one or both renal arteries Thrombosis of the renal vein n NWTC Hardening of the small arteries of the kidney Blood clot in the renal vein Medical Terminology 43

Pathologies n n n n NWTC Genitourinary and Urogenital Pertains to the genitals as well as the urinary organs Many genitourinary infections are sexually transmitted diseases gon(o) Genitals or reproduction Gonorrhea Infection known for its discharge Medical Terminology 44

Pathologies n n NWTC Gonococcus is the bacterium that causes, Gonorrhea Inflammation of the urethra Urethritis Medical Terminology 45

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n n n Kidney Dialysis When kidneys fail, dialysis removes waste products from the body Hemodialysis n n Peritoneal dialysis n NWTC Blood is filtered Solution is introduced and drained from the peritoneal cavity Medical Terminology 46

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n Renal transplant Kidney is received from a suitable donor Nephrectomy Surgical excision of a kidney n Immunosuppressive therapy n n n NWTC Medical Terminology 47

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n n n Renal carcinoma Cancer of the kidney Cystectomy Surgical excision of the bladder Urinary diversion n NWTC Ureterostomy Nephrostomy Transureterostomy Medical Terminology 48

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n n n NWTC Lithotripsy Crushing of a stone Litholysis Dissolving a kidney stone Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) Ultrasonic energy form a source outside the body to break up a stone Medical Terminology 49

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n n n n NWTC Nephrolithotomy Removal of kidney stones by cutting through the body of the kidney Pyelolithotomy Removal of a stone from the renal pelvis Ureterolithotomy Removal of stone from the ureter Cystolithotomy Removal of stone form the bladder Medical Terminology 50

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n n n NWTC Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty Treatment for renal artery stenosis Anticoagulant therapy Treatment for renal vein thrombosis Catheter dilation Treatment for stricture of the ureter or urethra Medical Terminology 51

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n n n NWTC Ureterectomy Partial or complete surgical excision of the ureter Ureteroplasty Surgical repair of a ureter Cystoplasty Surgical repair of the bladder Medical Terminology 52

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n n n NWTC Cystostomy Formation of a new opening in the bladder Cystotomy Incision of the bladder Urethrotomy Surgical incision of the urethra Medical Terminology 53

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n n n NWTC TURP Transurethral resection of the prostate instrument passes through the urethra to get to the prostate gland where pieces of the prostate gland are removed through a special instrument Medical Terminology 54

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n n n NWTC Nephroptosis: gradual downward displacement of the kidney. Also called floating, hypermobile, or wandering kidney. Nephropexy Surgical fixation of the kidney Medical Terminology 55

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n n n NWTC Urinary incontinence Inability to control urination Treatment varies by the many causes Urinary retention May require catheterization or medications Medical Terminology 56

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions n Treatment for Urinary Tract Infection n n n NWTC Antibiotics Analgesics Increased intake of fluids Diuretics Cause polyuria or diuresis Urethrospasm Antispasmodic medication to prevent muscle spasms Medical Terminology 57

Chapter 11 The Urinary System Class Exercises NWTC Medical Terminology 58

What does it Mean? n n n n n NWTC Bacteri(o) bacteria dipl(o) double glomerul(o) glomerulus gylcos(o) sugar gon(o) genital or reproduction Medical Terminology 59

True or False n n n NWTC Kidney Function Degrade insulin True Excrete waste products of metabolism True Help maintain the chemical composition of the blood True Medical Terminology 60

True or False n n n n NWTC Kidney Function Maintain blood p. H True Manufacture Vitamin K False Produce erythropoietin True Vary excretion of water True Medical Terminology 61

What does it Mean? n n n n n NWTC Nephr(o) kidney nos(o) disease pyel(o) renal pelvis ren(o) kidney -rrhagia hemorrhage Medical Terminology 62

What does it Mean? n n n n n NWTC -rrhaphy suture -rrhexis rupture staphyl(o) grape-like cluster strept(o) twisted ureter(o) ureter Medical Terminology 63

What does it Mean? n n n n NWTC Urethr(o) urethra urin(o) urine glycosuria the presence of sugar in the urine cystostomy formation of an opening into the urinary bladder Medical Terminology 64

What does it Mean? n n n n n NWTC Ureterolithiasis presence of stones in the ureter cystorrhexis rupture of the bladder ketonuria excretion of ketones in the urine nosocomial pertaining to or originating in a hospital renal pertaining to the kidney Medical Terminology 65

What does it Mean? n n n NWTC Pyelitis inflammation of the renal pelvis lithotripsy crushing of calculus within urinary system or gall bladder followed by washing out cystoscopy visual examination of the bladder with an instrument that is inserted through the urethra Medical Terminology 66

Spelling n n n n n NWTC Ureteroskopy ureteroscopy urethrosel urethrocele urethrorhagia urethrorrhagia dialisis dialysis pyonefrosis pyonephrosis Medical Terminology 67

Spelling n n n NWTC Nefrostomy nephrostomy pieloplasty pyeloplasty nefron nephron Medical Terminology 68

Matching 1. Inflammation of a ureter 2. Instrument used to visualize the bladder 3. Incision of the urinary bladder 4. Surgical repair of the renal pelvis 5. Suture of the lip NWTC A. B. C. D. E. Medical Terminology Cheilorrhaphy Ureteritis Cystoscope Pyeloplasty Cystotomy 69

Matching 1. Enlargement of the kidney 2. Absence of urine 3. Hemorrhage from the urethera 4. Herniation of the bladder 5. Ultrasonic scanning of the kidney NWTC A. B. C. D. E. Medical Terminology Anuria Urethrorrhagia Cystocele Nephrosonography Nephromegaly 70

Define the Term n n n n Cystoscopy examination of the interior of the bladder glomerulopathy any disease of the filtering part of the kidney cardionephric pertaining to the kidney and heart lithotripsy crushing of calculus within the urinary system NWTC Medical Terminology 71

Define the Term n n n Cystoscope instrument used to view the interior of the bladder polyp growth protruding from mucous membrane Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) the record obtained when a contrast medium is injected into a vein and x-rays are taken to observe kidney function. NWTC Medical Terminology 72

Define the Term n n n n Ureteropyelitis inflammation of a ureter and the renal pelvis streptococcal pharyngitis infection of the throat caused by streptococci urethrocele herniation of the urethra polyuria excessive urination NWTC Medical Terminology 73

Define the Term n n n n n Anuria absence of urine nephrorrhaphy suture of the kidney urography radiography of the urinary system albuminuria presence of albumin in the urine glycosuria excretion of sugar in the urine NWTC Medical Terminology 74

Define the Term n n n n n Cystorrhexis rupture of the bladder nephrosonography ultrasound of the kidney nephrolysis destruction of kidney tissue dysuria difficult urination cystitis inflammation of the bladder NWTC Medical Terminology 75

Define the Term n n n n Pyuria pus in the urine cystostomy formation of a new opening into the bladder nephritis inflammation of the kidney nephrolith kidney stone NWTC Medical Terminology 76

Define the Term n n n n Glomerulonephritis inflammation of kidney which involves the clump of capillaries that act as filters staphyloccoci cocci that grow in grape like clusters streptococci that grow in twisted chains nephrocele herniation of the kidney NWTC Medical Terminology 77

Define the Term n n n n Diuresis increased urination uremia accumulation of waste products in the blood nephrectomy removal of a kidney ureteritis inflammation of a ureter NWTC Medical Terminology 78

Matching 1. A kidney stone 2. Surgical fixation of a floating kidney 3. Herniation of ureter 4. Surgical transplantation of a ureter to a different place in the bladder 5. Sugar in the urine 6. Formation of a new opening into the bladder NWTC A. Cystostomy B. Glycosuria C. Ureterocystostomy D. Uretorocele E. Renal calculus F. Nephropexy Medical Terminology 79

What does it Mean? n n n n n NWTC Hematuria blood in the urine ureterolith a stone in the ureter pyeloplasty surgical repair of the renal pelvis nosocomial originating in the hospital dysuria difficult urination Medical Terminology 80

What does it Mean? n n n n NWTC Unilateral nephromegaly enlargement of one kidney urethrorrhagia hemorrhage from the urethra nephrorrhaphy suture of the kidney polycystic kidney disease the presence of many fluid filled sacs throughout the kidney Medical Terminology 81

What does it Do? n n n n NWTC Urethra carries urine from the bladder ureters carries urine to the bladder reservoir for urine kidneys filters blood and excretes waste on the form of urine Medical Terminology 82

What does it Mean? n n n n n NWTC Cystitis inflammation of the bladder nephrolysis destruction of kidney tissue nephropexy surgical fixation of a floating kidney anuria absence of urine incision of the bladder cystotomy Medical Terminology 83

What does it Mean? n n n n NWTC Spherical bacteria cocci rod shaped bacteria bacilli resection of the bladder cystectomy excision of a renal calculus from the pelvis of the kidney pyelolithotomy Medical Terminology 84

What does it Mean? n n n NWTC Cystoplegia paralysis of the bladder toxemia presence of microorganisms or their toxins in the blood nephrolithiasis a condition marked by the presence of renal calculi Medical Terminology 85

Case Study Last week, my neighbor Mrs. O. was complaining of back pain, blood in her urine, and painful urination. She went to see the physician who specializes in urinary problems. The physician ordered a urine test. It was found that she had albumin in her urine. The physician then ordered a ultrasonic scanning of the kidney. She was diagnosed with kidney stones and an enlarged left kidney. NWTC Medical Terminology 86

Case Study The physician spoke with Mrs. O. and decided she needed to have the kidney stones surgically crushed. Mrs. . O. had to have a tube inserted into her bladder to drain urine. Mrs. O. is now home and happy to be with her family. NWTC Medical Terminology 87

Case Study n n n NWTC Dorsodynia hematuria dysuria Urologist urinalysis albuminuria Medical Terminology 88

Case Study n n nephrosonography nephrolithiasis unilateral nephromegaly Lithotripsy catheter NWTC Medical Terminology 89