Medical Terminology Unit 3 Oncology and the Central

Medical Terminology Unit 3 Oncology and the Central Nervous System

Prefix l Hyper– Above or more than normal Hypercritical l Hypercholesterolemia l Hypertoxicity l Hyperflexion l Hyperactivity l Hyperlipidemia l Hyperproteinuria l

Prefix l Hypo– Below or less than normal Hypocalcemia l Hypodactylia l Hyposensitive l Hypothermia l Hypokalemia l Hypothyroidism l Hypodermic l

More Examples l Hypertrophy l – Overdevelopment l Hypertension – High blood pressure l Hyperemesis – Excessive vomiting Hypotrophy (atrophy) – Progressive degeneration l Hypotension – Low blood pressure

Aden/o l “glands” – Adenitis – Adenectomy – Adenoma – Adenopathy – Lymphadenopathy

Skin Lesions l Lesion = One of many possible types of abnormal tissue conditions – Ulcer = Open sores on the skin or mucous membranes – Tumor = Abnormal growth in numbers and/or types of cells. May be benign or malignant (cancerous)

Benign vs. Malignant l Benign – -oma l Malignant – Carcinoma/-carcinoma l From epithelial-type tissue – Sarcoma/-sarcoma l From connective-type tissue Carcin/o = “crab” = Cancer CA or Ca

Benign vs. Malignant Adenoma l Papilloma l fibroadenoma l Adenocarcinoma l Melanoma (Malignant Melanoma) l – Exception to pattern Squamous Cell Carcinoma l Basal Cell Carcinoma l

Skin Cancers Melanoma Basal Cell Carcinoma

Benign vs. Malignant l l l l Osteoma Chondroma Leiomyoma Lipoma Hemangioma Neuroma Atheroma l Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Liposarcoma Angiosarcoma Neurosarcoma l Lymphosarcoma l l l

Lipoma

Exceptions l Sound like benign but are malignant: – Melanoma (Malignant melanoma) – Myeloma (Multiple Myeloma) – Lymphoma – Leukemia

Metastasis l Metastases l Metastatic l Metastasize(d) Singular Noun Plural Noun Adjective Verb l Meta- = beyond -stasis = in one place – Spreading beyond the original place Met, Metas, Mets

Plural Formation l -oma – Lipoma – Sarcoma – Atheroma – Adenoma – Melanoma omata Lipomata Sarcomata Atheromata Adenomata Melanomata

Onc/o = Tumor l From Greek word oncos = mass – Oncology – Oncologist

-oid l Means like or resembling – Lipoid – mucoid

Ather/o l Means fatty or porridgelike – Atheroma = tumorlike thickening and degeneration of blood vessel walls caused by fatty deposits

Atherosclerosis = hardening of vessel walls due to fatty deposits l Be careful: – Ather/o = fatty, porridgelike – Arteri/o = arteries – Arthr/o = joint

Hist/o l Means tissue l Histolysis = destruction of tissue l Histogenous = made of tissue l Histology = the study of tissue l Histologist = one who studies tissues

Hist/o An Embryonic tissue l A tissue cell l Resembling tissue l Histoblast l Histocyte l Histoid l

Neol Greek neos mean new Neogenesis = generation of new substance l Neonatal = refers to the newborn l Neoplasm = new formation, tumor or growth l – Plasm/o = formation – A nonmalignant tumor is called a benign neoplasm – Carcinoma or sarcoma are malignant neoplasm

l Anti- is a Prefix meaning against l -plast/ic is an adjective suffix for abnormal growth – Antineoplastic is a therapeutic agent that works against cancerous neoplasms l -genesis refers to development. – Antitumorigenesis = the process of inhibiting development of a tumor

Mucosa & Serosa l Muc/us = secretion of the mucous membrane – Noun: Muc/us adjective: Muc/ous l Mucosa = mucous membrane – Lining of the open body cavities, like digestive system Ser/ous l Serosa = serous membrane l – Lining of the closed body cavities. Covers the outside of organs such as the intestines

Cephal = Head l Headache (pain in head) – Noun Cephal/algia l Cephal/o/dynia l (-algia = pain) (Odyne, -odynia = pain) – Adjective l Cephal/o/dynic l Cephalic – Adjective: Pertaining to the head

Encephal = Brain l Encephal/itis: inflammation of the brain l Encephal/o/cele: Herniation of brain tissue through cranial fissure – Kele or –cele = abnormal protrusion or swelling – Brain herniation is sometimes a finding in hydrocephaly l Encephal/o/malac/ia: softening of brain tissue l Encephal/o/tomy: incision into the brain l Electr/o/encephal/o/gram (EEG): picture of the electrical activity of the brain

Brain

Crani/o = Skull Cranium = skull l Cranioplasty: Surgical repair of skull l – -plasty = surgical repair l l l Craniomalacia: softening of the bones of the skull Craniectomy: excision of part of the cranium Craniotomy: incision into skull Craniometer: instrument used to measure the cranium Cranial (Adjective)

Cerebr = Cerebrum l Cerebrum is a part of the brain – Thought occurs – Feeling is interpreted – Motor impulses arise – “gray matter” l Cerebral (adjective)

Cerebr = Cerebrum l Cerebr/itis l Cerebr/oma l Cerebr/otomy l Cerebr/o/vascul/ar l Cerebr/o/spin/al

Mening/o = Meninges l Meninges are 3 -layered membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord. – Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater l Mening/o/cele: herniation of meninges l Mening/o/malac/ia: softening of the meninges l Mening/itis: inflammation of the meninges – Caused by bacteria or virus

Meninges

Abbreviation l l l AIDS ASCP BX BCC BP Ca, CA CIS CLA CP CSF CV Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome American Society of Clinical Pathology Biopsy Basal cell carcinoma Blood pressure Calcium, Cancer Carcinoma in situ Certified laboratory assistant Cerebral palsy Cerebralspinal fluid Cardiovascular

Abbreviation l l l l l CVA Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) EEG Electroencephalogram END Electroneurodiagnostic ENG Electronystaygraphy EP Evoked Potential HA Headache HCVD Hypertensive Cardiovascular disease MBD Minimal brain dysfunction Met. , metas. , mets. Metastasis MLT Medical laboratory technician

Abbreviation l l l mm. HG MT NCS PSG TIA millimeters of mercury (pressure) Medical technologist Nerves Conduction Studies Polysomnography Transient ischemic attack