Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 12 Nervous

Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 12 Nervous System Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System at a Glance l Functions of Nervous System l l Coordinates and controls body function Receives sensory input Makes decisions Orders body responses Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System at a Glance l Organs of Nervous System l l l Brain Spinal cord Nerves Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Combining Forms l l l cephal/o cerebell/o cerebr/o encephal/o gli/o medull/o head cerebellum cerebrum brain glue medulla Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Combining Forms l l l mening/o meningi/o myel/o neur/o phas/o poli/o meninges spinal cord nerve speech gray matter Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Combining Forms l l l pont/o radicul/o thalam/o thec/o ventricul/o pons nerve root thalamus sheath (meninges) ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Suffixes l l l –algesia –esthesia –paresis –phasia –plegia –taxia pain, sensitivity feeling, sensation weakness speech paralysis muscle coordination Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with cephal/o, cerebell/o and cerebr/o –algia cephalalgia head pain –ar cerebellar pertaining to cerebellum –itis cerebellitis inflammation of cerebellum –al cerebral pertaining to cerebrum cerebrospinal pertaining to cerebrum and spine spin/o –al Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with encephal/o, meningi/o and mening/o electr/o –gram record of brain electroencephalogram electricity –itis encephalitis brain inflammation –oma meningioma meninges tumor –eal meningeal pertaining to meninges –itis meninges inflammation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with neur/o –al neural pertaining to nerve –algia neuralgia nerve pain –ectomy neurectomy removal of nerve –ologist neurologist nerve specialist –oma neuroma nerve tumor Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with neur/o –pathy neuropathy nerve disease –plasty neuroplasty surgical repair of nerve poly– –itis polyneuritis inflammation of many nerves –rrhaphy neurorrhaphy suture a nerve Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with myel/o and pont/o –gram myelogram spinal cord record –itis myelitis inflammation of spinal cord –ine pontine pertaining to pons Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with radicul/o, thalam/o and thec/o –itis radiculitis nerve root inflammation –pathy radiculopathy nerve root disease –ic thalamic pertaining to thalamus intra– –al intrathecal Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to inside meninges Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Vocabulary anesthesiology the use of anesthesia for surgical procedures, resuscitation, and pain management neurology diagnosis and treatment of diseases of nervous system neurosurgery treating nervous system disease by surgical means Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Vocabulary aura sensations occurring prior to epileptic seizure or migraine; such as seeing colors alternating between strong involuntary convulsion muscle contractions and relaxations seizure sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms; such as in epileptic seizure focal seizure in only one limb or body part syncope fainting Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Vocabulary conscious awake and aware of surroundings unaware of surroundings; unable to unconscious respond to stimuli coma paresthesia tremor state of profound unconsciousness abnormal sensations such as burning or tingling involuntary repetitive alternating movements Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Vocabulary delirium confusion, disorientation, and agitation dementia impaired intellectual function hemiparesis weakness on one side of body paralysis temporary or permanent loss of voluntary movement hemiplegia paralysis on one side of body paraplegia paralysis of lower portion of body palsy loss of ability to control movements Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Brain Pathology Alzheimer’s disease disorder characterized by progressive dementia, disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory astrocytoma malignant tumor originating in astrocytes, a neuroglial cell brain tumor intracranial mass; may be malignant or benign; dangerous because occupies space cerebral aneurysm ballooning of cerebral artery; may cause stroke Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 12. 9 – Color enhanced CT-scan showing two malignant tumors in the brain. (Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc. ) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 12. 10 – Common locations for cerebral artery aneurysms in the Circle of Willis. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Brain Pathology cerebral contusion concussion bruising of brain from impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hrs; include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupils brain injury from impact; symptoms last less than 24 hrs cerebral palsy brain damage results from defect, trauma, (CP) or oxygen deprivation at time of birth Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Brain Pathology infarct due to loss of blood supply to cerebrovascular brain; may be due to hemorrhage, accident (CVA) thrombus, embolus, or compression; commonly called a stroke transient ischemic temporary interference with blood attack (TIA) supply to brain; may lead to a CVA migraine specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 12. 11 – The four common causes for cerebrovascular accidents. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Brain Pathology epilepsy tonic-clonic seizure absence seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain epileptic seizure with strong muscle spasms; formerly called grand mal epileptic seizure characterized by loss of awareness and absence of activity; formerly called petit mal Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Brain Pathology hydrocephalus Parkinson’s disease Reye syndrome accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles chronic disorder of brain with tremors, weakness, muscle rigidity, and shuffling gait acute encephalopathy and organ damage; follows viral infection and associated with taking aspirin Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 12. 12 – Hydrocephalus. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Spinal Cord Pathology amyotrophic degeneration of motor neurons of spinal lateral sclerosis cord; also called Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS) poliomyelitis viral infection affecting spinal cord; paralysis may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent spinal cord injury (SCI) damage to spinal cord due to trauma; may be bruised and recover or severed and permanent Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Spinal Cord Pathology spina bifida meningocele congenital defect where lamina of vertebra do not meet or close to form spinal canal protrusion of meninges sac through opening left by spina bifida defect protrusion of meninges and spinal myelomeningocele cord through opening left by spina bifida defect Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 12. 13 – Spina bifida. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nerve Pathology one-sided facial paralysis due to Bell’s palsy inflammation of facial nerve caused by virus temporary loss of myelin sheath; may be Guillain-Barré autoimmune; starts in legs and syndrome progresses up nervous system multiple loss of myelin sheath; results in sclerosis (MS) weakness and numbness Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nerve Pathology muscular weakness and fatigue due myasthenia gravis to insufficient neurotransmitter at synapses shingles eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path; caused by Herpes zoster virus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Meninges Pathology epidural hematoma mass of blood in space outside dura mater subdural hematoma mass of blood forming inside subdural space; due to torn meningeal blood vessel; space occupying lesion Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 12. 15 – A subdural hematoma. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Clinical Laboratory Tests cerebrospinal examination of CSF; may detect fluid analysis infections and blood in the fluid Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Imaging brain scan image of brain after injection of radioactive isotopes into bloodstream cerebral angiography X-ray of cerebral blood vessels after injection of radiopaque dye echoencephalography ultrasound image of brain Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Imaging myelography X-ray of spinal cord after injection of radiopaque dye into spinal canal positron emission tomography (PET) use of positive radionuclides to construct an image of the brain; image reveals metabolic activity of brain areas Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Additional Diagnostic Tests Babinski’s reflex test that reveals nervous system lesions; performed by stroking sole of foot electroencephalography records the electrical activity of (EEG) brain puncture to remove CSF for lumbar puncture examination nerve conduction velocity measures speed at which an impulse travels along a nerve; reveals nerve damage Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 12. 16 – A lumbar puncture. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Treatment nerve block anesthetic injection into nerve area to block nerve impulses on that nerve; used to treat chronic pain Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Surgical Treatments removes blockage of major artery in carotid neck that carries blood to brain by endarterectomy removing inner lining of the artery cerebrospinal shunt carries CSF from ventricle to fluid shunt abdominal cavity; treats hydrocephalus laminectomy tractotomy removes part of vertebra; relieves pressure on spinal nerve surgical cut of nerve tract; treats severe chronic pain Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Pharmacology analgesic treats minor to moderate pain, non-narcotic Tylenol, Aleve anesthetic produces loss of sensation or consciousness Xylocaine, Novocain reduces nerve excitability to Tegretol, anticonvulsant prevent seizures Nembutal dopaminergic drugs treats Parkinson’s disease Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht L-dopa, Sinemet Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Pharmacology hypnotic promotes sleep Seconal, Restoril narcotic analgesic treats severe pain Oxy. Contin, Demerol sedative calming or relaxing effect Amytal, Butisol Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Abbreviations ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ANS autonomic nervous system CNS central nervous system CP cerebral palsy CSF cerebrospinal fluid CVA cerebrovascular accident CVD cerebrovascular disease EEG electroencephalography Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Abbreviations HA headache ICP intracranial pressure LP lumbar puncture MS multiple sclerosis PET positron emission tomography PNS peripheral nervous system SCI spinal cord injury TIA transient ischemic attack Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.