Directional Terms The anatomical position of the body

Directional Terms The anatomical position of the body is our standard position when discussing anatomy. • The body is standing erect • The feet are together or close together • The arms are on the sides with palms facing forward • The head is erect and is looking straight ahead • Let’s all try! Stand up next to your seat!

GPS • SAP 1. Students will analyze anatomical structures in relationship to their physiological functions. a. Apply correct terminology when explaining the orientation of body parts and regions.

Figure 1. 2 • Gross and Microscopic Anatomy (a) Gross anatomy considers large structures such as the brain. (b) Microscopic anatomy can deal with the same structures, though at a different scale. This is a micrograph of nerve cells from the brain. LM × 1600. (credit a: “Writer. Hound”/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)

Physiology • is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. • How the parts work or function – Basically, what does it do, and how does it do it

Cousins? ? • Anatomy and Physiology are related • Each part of your body forms an organized unit, and each part has a job to do • Structure (anatomy) determines function (physiology) – “form follows function” • This helps achieve HOMEOSTASIS—we’ll talk more about this later

Anatomy defined as Study of body structures organized into Six structural levels

Anatomy Study of body structures 1. Location- where a structure is found 2. Appearance- what a structure looks like 3. Relationship- to other structures Example: This triangular, flexible structure is located on the head, superior to the mouth. What is it?

1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organism WORD BANK: Cellular, Chemical, Organism, Organ System, Tissue

ACTIVITY

Anatomy Six structural levels 1. Chemical a. Inorganic Examples? (salt, H 2 O, O 2, CO 2) b. Organic- contains both C and H Examples? (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)

Anatomy Six structural levels 2. Cellular The smallest unit of matter that carries on life’s processes.

Anatomy Six structural levels 3. Tissue a group of cells that has a specialized structural and functional role

Anatomy Six structural levels 4. Organ a specialized structure formed from a group of tissues

Major Organs

Major Organs

Major Organs

Anatomy Six structural levels 5. Organ system a set of interrelated organs that work together to provide specialized functions

Anatomy Six structural levels 6. Organism An individual living thing

Relative Positions

Directional Terms The anatomical position of the body is our standard position when discussing anatomy. • The body is standing erect • The feet are together or close together • The arms are on the sides with palms facing forward • The head is erect and is looking straight ahead • Let’s all try! Stand up next to your seat!

Anterior/Ventral- toward the front Posterior/Dorsal- toward the back

Superior- above, closer to the head Inferior- below, closer to the feet

Medial- toward the midline Lateral- Toward the side with respect to the midline

Proximal- closer to the trunk Distal- further from the trunk

Superficial and Deep

8 -15 -17 - PER Objective(s): Objective(s) To know relative body orientation directions/positions, etc. ; To be able to label important landmarks on an anatomical representation; To know the basics of major organ systems Schedule: 1. Exam day is FRIDAY! (ALL Periods) 2. Finish notes – add Landmarks & major organs info 3. Physio 1 Notes / Homeostasis 4. Coloring Sheets…? 5. Reviews & Study Guides Do Now: 1. Find your seat 2. GET OUT: 1. Notes so far, including labeling sheets, coloring sheets, etc. 2. Something to write with, to write on 3. What is the most exciting thing most exciting you’re looking forward to about after-HS/College? (Questions? )

• Anatomical position • Landmarks • Planes • Cavities • Regions/Quads • Directional Terms • All important to know • STUDY!!

Body Planes Sagittal- Divides the body into left and right portions Midsagittal- Divides the body into equal left and right portions Transverse- Divides the body into superior and inferior portions (Horizontal) Frontal- Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions (Coronal)

BODY CAVITIES Body cavities are openings which hold various organs

BODY REGIONS Names given to certain areas (regions) of the body

Organ Systems • Not that kind of organ!

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Integumentary System • Role: Protects body; transfer of heat; sensory reception • Major organs: skin, nails • Releases sweat, and heat from blood, to help control body temperature

Integumentary System • Major Role – Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, location of cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands

Skeletal System • Provides body structure and support • Bone marrow creates new blood cells for circulation; also stores lipids • Major organs: bones, cartilage

Skeletal System: Major Role: The main role of the skeletal system is to provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs. Major Organs: Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.

Muscular System • Role: allows for movement • Major organs: skeletal muscle

Muscular System • Major Role: The main role of the muscular system is to provide movement. Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility. Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system.

Circulatory system • Role: Transports substances throughout the body • Circulates oxygen, CO 2 heat, water, nutrients, wastes • Major organs: Heart, Arteries, Veins

Circulatory System (cardiovascular) • Major Role: The main role of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and CO 2), hormones and wastes through the body. • Major Organs: Heart, blood vessels and blood.

Respiratory System • Ventilation system for body • Major organs: lungs, diaphragm, trachea • Takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide from blood

Respiratory System • Major Role: The main role of the respiratory system is to provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body. • Major Organs: Nose, trachea and lungs.

Nervous System • Control system of body • Major organs: Brain, Spinal cord, nerves • Stimulates heart rate and controls blood oxygen levels

Nervous System • Major Role: The main role of the nervous system is to relay electrical signals through the body. The nervous system directs behavior and movement and, along with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc. • Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

Endocrine System • Role: Circulates hormones around the body to control body functions; maintains homeostasis • Major organs: Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenals, Pancreas, hypothalamus

Endocrine System • Major Role: The main role of the endocrine system is to relay chemical messages (hormones) through the body. In conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc. • Major Organs: Many glands exist in the body that secrete endocrine hormones. Among these are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.

Lymphatic System • Role: Works to help maintain circulatory system as well as housing cells responsible for immunity • Major organs: Lymph nodes

Lymphatic System • Major Role: The main role of the immune system is to destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body. The lymphatic system also removes fat and excess fluids from the blood. • Major Organs: Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells, T- and B- cells.

Digestive System • Role: Breaks down macromolecules and absorbs necessary nutrients • Major organs: Stomach, L. I. , S. I. • Liver serves multiple functions for multiple systems (but is considered part of DS)

Digestive System • Major Role: The main role of the digestive system is to breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance. • Major Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.

Excretory System • Role: Filters wastes from blood; maintains bodies internal nutrient balances • Also rids body of wastes via urethra • Major organs: Kidneys, Urethra, Bladder

Excretory System (Urinary) • Major Role: The main role of the excretory system is to filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system. • Major Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

Reproductive System • Role: Producing offspring; regulating sexual characteristics • Major organs: Testes, Uterus, Ovaries

Reproductive System • Major Role: The main role of the reproductive system is to manufacture cells that allow reproduction. In the male, sperm are created to inseminate egg cells produced in the female. • Major Organs: Female (top): ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands. Male (bottom): testes, seminal vesicles and penis.

Figure 01. 12

Tape & Label Activity • Cut 8 “sticky” notes into thirds per partnership, 16 per pairs of partners + 1 • Label a partner with FIRST the 42 regions • THEN, label the 9 abdominal regions • *Make your labels FIRST! Then, stick them to your partner! • If you feel uncomfortable being labeled with any particular label, you may leave it off OR apply it yourself!

Physiology defined as study of function of body structures Including What structures do including How they do it Maintain homeostasis by regulating: Negative feedback Positive Feedback 1. Food 2. Water defined as 3. Oxygen 4. Heat Mechanism that Change from normal 5. Pressure restores body to levels promotes normal levels further change

How about more information? Watch this link: http: //ssmhealth. adam. com/content. aspx? pid=17 What to think about: 1. What analogy is used to explain homeostasis? 2. Which type of feedback is being described- positive or negative?

Understanding the analogy • • • What is the stimulus? What is the receptor? What would be the set point? What represents the effectors? What is the response?

Real life examples of homeostasis Negative Feedback Positive Feedback • Blood pressure regulation • Childbirth

Preparing for the Test Tips for success: • Prepare more than just one day for the test. • Make sure you understand each learning target and the questions associated with it. • Study, study some more, and study again, until you can remember everything. What have I got to label? What do I need to know about? v. Organ Systems ü Planes (3, recognize mid-) v. Anatomy vs. Physiology ü Relative directions (8+) v. Homestasis ü Regions v. Feedback loops & ü Cavities examples ü Landmarks v. Form follows function What else?