Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy the

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy – the structure of body parts (also called Morphology) • Physiology – the function of the body parts, what they do and how they do it

Characteristics of Life 1. Movement - self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts 2. Responsiveness (irritability) - Ability to sense changes within, or around the organism and react to them 3. Growth - increase in body size 4. Reproduction - Parents produce offspring / producing new individuals 5. Respiration - Obtaining oxygen (O 2), using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes

6. Digestion - Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of waste 7. Absorption - Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids 8. Circulation - Movement of substances throughout the body 9. Assimilation - Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances 10. Excretion - Removal of wastes

Additional Characteristics • Metabolism = all the physical and chemical changes • Bodily needs = food, oxygen, water, heat • Homeostasis = tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced, internal environment. “Sameness”

Levels of Organization

Organization Axial skeleton - head, neck, trunk Appendicular skeleton - arms & legs

Organization • Several body cavities • Layers of membranes within cavities • Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (VISCERA = internal organs. "Visceral organs")

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity - cranial cavity enclosed by the skull and contains the brain spinal canal, enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal cord. Ventral body cavity thoracic cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and contains the lungs and heart. abdominopelvic cavity ….

Abdominal cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and pelvis and contains the kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Pelvic cavity, enclosed by the pelvis and contains bladder, anus and reproductive system.

Membranes • Serous Membrane - two layered, covers organs o Outer layer = parietal o Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs) • Serous fluid – lubricating fluid

Membranes • Pleura = lungs • Pericardium = heart • Peritoneum = organs (abdominopelvic region)

Visceral Pleura / Parietal Pleura Visceral Pericardium / Parietal Pericardium Visceral Peritoneum / Parietal Peritoneum

Directional terms Anterior: In front of, front Posterior: After, behind, following, toward the rear

Directional terms Distal: Away from, farther from the origin Proximal: Near, closer to the origin Dorsal: Near the upper surface, toward the back Ventral: Toward the bottom, toward the belly Superior: Above, over Inferior: Below, under

Directional terms Lateral: Toward the side, away from the mid-line Medial: Toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side Superior: Toward or on the surface Deep: Away from the surface

Planes of the body

Planes of the body Frontal or coronal: Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) Sagittal or median: Divides the body lengthwise into right and left sections Transverse or horizontal: Divides the body horizontally into top and bottom sections

Body Regions Abdominal – area overlying the abdominal cavity. Acromial – the point of the shoulder. Antebrachial – forearm Axillary – armpit Brachial – upper arm Buccal – cheek Carpal – wrist Cephalic – head

Body Regions Cervical – neck Coxal – hips Crural – leg Cubital - elbow Digital – finger Femoral – thigh Frontal – forehead Gluteal – buttocks Inguinal – groin

Body Regions Lumbar – the region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis Mammary - breast Mental – chin Nasal – nose Occipital – the lower posterior region of the head. Oral – mouth

Body Regions Orbital - eye cavity Otic – ear Palmar – palm of the hand Patellar – knee Pectoral – chest Pedal – foot Pelvic – pelvis Perineal – the region between the anus and the external reproductive organs

Body Regions Plantar – sole of the foot Sacral – posterior region between the hipbones Sternal – middle of the thorax, anteriorly. Tarsal – instep of the foot Umbilical – navel Vertebral – spinal column