Week 1 Introduction to Anatomy OBJECTIVES Anatomical Terminology

Week 1 Introduction to Anatomy

OBJECTIVES • • • Anatomical Terminology Planes of section Body cavities Abdominopelvic cavities Organ & organ systems Rat dissection

REMINDER: Anything in the OBJECTIVES list can be on the Practical!

Objective 1 Anatomic Terminology The language of ANATOMY

Anatomical Position In the anatomic position: position the body is erect the feet are on the floor toes forward upper appendages are at the sides palms forward face forward

Regional Terms Used to designate specific body areas AXIAL DIVISION (Torso) APPENDICULAR DIVISION (Limbs)

Directional Terms Directional terms are used to describe the position of one structure relative to the position of another structure. Directional terms always assume that the body is in the anatomic position.

Superior: above Cranial (Cephalic): toward the head Inferior: below Caudal: toward the tail Posterior: behind Anterior: front Dorsal: backside Ventral: belly side

Medial: toward the midline Intermediate: between a medial and a lateral structure Superficial (External) Lateral: away from the midline Deep (Internal)

Proximal: toward the origin of a body part or attachment to the trunk Distal: away from the origin of a body part or its attachment to the trunk Appendages Proximal Distal

Posterior (Dorsal) The neck is ______ inferior to to the head. The brain is deep / internal to the skull. Anterior (Ventral) (Cephalic) What is the position of the sternum (breastbone) to the spine? The sternum is anterior to the spine. The dorsal surface of the human leg is its posterior surface. The region of the femur (thigh bone) closest to the tibia (shin) is the proximal or distal end of the femur. ? (Caudal)

Note how some directional terms are applied differently to quadrupeds……. Superior = Above Dorsal = Backside Front Behind Anterior Cranial (Cephalic) Posterior Caudal the tail the head Inferior = Below Ventral = Bellyside

Objective 2 Planes (Sections) An organism or organ can be cut (sectioned) along defined planes. These planes are: • Sagittal (para, mid) • Transverse • Frontal / Coronal

Side Frontal (Coronal): Divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions. Sagittal: Divides a structure into right and left portions. Midsagittal: Top Transverse: Divides a structure into superior and inferior portions; Bottom Also called a horizontal or cross section Produces equal right and left portions. Parasagittal: Produces unequal right and left portions.

Thorax cut in the 3 planes Coronal (Frontal) Section Transverse (Horizontal) Section Superior view/ looking down (inferiorly) Parasagittal Section Midsagittal would show the heart

Brain cut in the 3 planes Coronal (Frontal) Section Midsagittal Section Transverse (Horizontal) Section

Objective 3 a Body Cavities A body cavity is a space within the body that contains organs (viscera). Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity See torso There are two major body cavities: • Dorsal Cavity • Ventral Cavity

Pelvic inlet See Torso

Ventral Cavity Thoracic Cavity Superior to the diaphragm Viscera there include the heart, lungs, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus Abdominopelvic Cavity Inferior to the diaphragm Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity Viscera there include The stomach, liver, Gall bladder, spleen, Pancreas, kidney, Ureters, small Intestine, and most Of the large intestine Viscera there include The urinary bladder, Internal organs of Reproduction, urethra (in women), and Some portions of the Large intestine

Objective 3 b Abdominopelvic Regions

The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by four imaginary lines, two vertical and two horizontal. EPI = upon GASTR = stomach HYPO = below beneath CHONDRO = cartilage LUMBAR = loins (3 -D) ILIUM = upper pelvis

In which abdominopelvic region(s) does each organ reside? Liver Gall bladder Vermiform appendix Spleen Left Kidney Testis

Objective 4 ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS

Can you identify these body systems? What is their function? Name two organs in each system.

Sample Questions These sores are on which anatomical region? Antebrachial The sores are proximal to the wrist and distal to the elbow. carpal

Sample Questions Identify the indicated organ. Pancreas Identify the organ system it belong to. Endocrine - & - Digestive Identify the specific ventral cavity it resides in. Abdominal The pancreas is inferior and posterior to the stomach. ?

Objective 5 RAT DISSECTION Many of the external and internal structures of the rat are quite similar in structure and function to those of the human, so a study of the gross anatomy of the rat should help you understand our own physical structure.

Yes The rat will be on the practical

Some structures you will be identifying: Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Different from human body: Pay attention to: - Thymus gland - Respiratory Diaphragm - Cecum & Large intestine - Serous membrane - Uterine horns - Mesentary

Reminder Dorsal side Vental side “Belly” “Back”

Clean-up • Dispose of rat, gloves, face masks, & used tissue in the black garbage bag at the end of the table. • Clean dissection tools with Tool Cleaner and return to center containers • Clean dissection tray with Disinfectant Spray Bottle, rinse, & dry and return to cart • Clean lab bench with Disinfectant Spray Bottle