Laboratory 1 A Anatomical Position B Directional Terms
Laboratory # 1 A- Anatomical Position B- Directional Terms C- Planes D- Abdominopelvic Regions E- Organ Systems
Anatomical Position: Standing (standing at attention) with hands at the side and the palms facing forward. YES Hands at the side and palms facing forward NO YES
Anatomical Position
Directional Terms
elbow
The heart is _____ to the lungs The lungs are _____ to the heart The heart is _____ to the diaphragm The liver is ____ to the diaphragm The elbow is _______to the shoulder The elbow is _____ to the wrist
Regional Terms Anatomy uses many terms which describe specific structures or/and anatomical regions and positions Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Cervical (neck) Brachial (arm) Thoracic (chest) Vertebral (spinal column) Abdominal (abdomen) Antebrachial (forearm) Pelvic Palmar (palm) Femoral (thigh) Patellar (anterior knee) Dorsal (back) Umbilical (navel) Lumbar (loin) Carpal Gluteal (buttock) Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of the knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) Tarsal (foot) Calcaneal (heel) Plantar (sole)
Body Cavities and Membranes Cranial cavity (contains the brain) Dorsal (posterior) body cavity Vertebral cavity or vertebral canal (contains the spinal cord) Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Ventral (anterior) body cavity
Serous Membranes: Pleura Mediastinum It is the area between the lungs, which contains the heart, the great vessels, the esophagus, trachea, and bronchi. Pericardium Diaphragm Peritoneum Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pleural It contains pleural fluid cavity Pericardial It contains pericardial fluid cavity Parietal pericardium Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Visceral pleura Lung Diaphragm Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal cavity It contains peritoneal fluid Parietal peritoneum Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Abdominopelvic Regions Hypochondriac region Subcostal line Epigastric region Lumbar region Umbilical region Intertubercular line Inguinal region Midclavicular line Hypogastric region Liver Gallbladder 10 th rib Large intestine Small intestine Urinary bladder Urethra
Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Epigastric region Umbilical region Right iliac Hypogastric (inguinal) (pubic) region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region
Frontal plane (coronal plane) Anatomical Planes Midsagittal plane Transverse plane (horizontal plane)
Frontal plane Transverse plane Sagittal plane © Mc. Graw-Hill Companies/Joe De. Grandis, photographer
(a) Sagittal section (b) Frontal section (c) Transverse section
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integumentary System Principal organs: Skin, hair , nails, cutaneous glands Principal functions: Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skeletal System Principal organs: Bones, cartilages, ligaments Principal functions: Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acid–base balance
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Muscular System Principal organs: Skeletal muscles Principal functions: Movement, stability , communication, control of body openings, heat production
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nervous System Principal organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia Principal functions: Rapid internal commun ication, coordination, motor control and sensation
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Circulatory System Principal organs: Heart, blood vessels Principal functions: Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lymphatic System Principal organs: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils Principal functions: Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Respiratory System Principal organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Principal functions: Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid–base balance, speech
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Digestive System Principal organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Principal functions: Nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood.
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Urinary System Principal organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Principal functions: Elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endocrine System Principal organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries Principal functions: Hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Male Reproductive System Principal organs: Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis Principal functions: Production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Female Reproductive System Principal organs: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands Principal functions: Production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones
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