ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE BIO 137 Anatomy Physiology I Lab

ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE BIO 137 Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Anatomical Position • Scientists describe the structures of an Organism Using Universal Anatomical Language. • Body standing erect • Feet flat on floor directed forward • Head and toes facing forward • Upper limbs at the sides with the palms facing forward

Anatomical Terminology • Body Orientation and Direction • Superior versus Inferior • Dorsal versus Ventral • Posterior versus Anterior

Anatomical Position • Body Orientation and Direction • Medial versus Lateral • Proximal versus Distal (appendicular skeleton only) • Superficial versus Deep • Ipsilateral versus contralateral

LATERAL MEDIAL LATERAL SUPERIOR Midline Esophagus (food tube) Trachea (windpipe) PROXIMAL Right lung Rib Sternum (breastbone) Left lung Humerus Heart Diaphragm Spleen Stomach Liver Radius Ulna Gallbladder Ascending colon Carpals Transverse colon Small intestine Descending colon Urinary bladder Metacarpals Phalanges DISTAL Anterior view of trunk and right upper limb INFERIOR

ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Divisions of the Human Body • Axial Portion • Appendicular • Head • Neck • Trunk Portion • Appendages • Arms • Legs

Body Cavities • Cranial Cavity • Thoracic Cavity • Spinal Cavity • Abdominopelvic Cavity • Abdominal Cavity • Pelvic Cavity

Body Cavities

Thoracic Cavity • Lungs • Mediastinum (between lungs) • Heart • Trachea • Esophagus • Thymus

Abdominopelvic Cavity • Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm • Abdominal Cavity • Liver, Gallbladder, Stomach, Pancreas, Spleen, Small and Large Intestines, Kidneys, Adrenal Glands, Ureters • Pelvic Cavity • Enclosed by pelvic bones • Internal Reproductive Organs, Bladder, Anus

Major Body Organs Cavity Subdivisions Organ Associated structures Cranial Cranium Vertebral canal Brain Spinal cord Thyroid gland Lungs Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Pleural Thoracic Thymus Esophagus Trachea Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Aorta Mediastinum Pericardial Abdomen Abdominopelvic Retroperitoneal Pelvic Heart Diaphragm Stomach Liver Small intestine Large intestine (most) Kidneys Urinary bladder Ovaries (♀) Uterine tubes (♀) Uterus (♀) Testes (♂) Greater omentum Ureters

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes • Serous Membranes • Line the walls of these body cavities and fold back to cover the organs • Secrete serous fluid for lubrication • Visceral layer of a Membrane – covers an organ (innermost) • Parietal layer of a Membrane – lines a cavity or body wall (outermost)

Serous Membranes • Thoracic Membranes • Pleural Membranes: Lungs • Visceral pleura • Parietal pleura • Pericardial Membranes: Heart • Visceral pericardium • Parietal pericardium • Abdominopelvic Membranes • Peritoneal Membranes • Visceral peritoneum • Parietal peritoneum

Thorax, Transverse Section

Body Cavities • Membranes of the body cavities

Figure 01. 12 Abdomen, Transverse Section

Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions u Identification of quadrants and regions in the abdominopelvic cavity helps clinicians describe the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs. u There are 4 abdominopelvic quadrants and 9 regions. § The dividing lines between these are centered on the umbilicus (“belly button”).

Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions • Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus • Right upper quadrant (RUQ) • liver • Left upper quadrant (LUQ) • spleen and left kidney • Right lower quadrant (RLQ) • appendix • Left lower quadrants (LLQ) • left ovary ( )

Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions u Dividing the abdomen and pelvis into regions is done using a Tic-Tac-Toe grid. u There are nine abdominopelvic regions

Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions