Chapter 1 Overview of the Body Human Physiology

Applied Learning Outcomes Learn body orientation terms that explain or describe the following: • Body direction • Various views of the body and body parts • Positioning of the body for medical procedures Learn the locations of • The major body regions and cavities, and the structures contained within them Use the terminology associated with the major body regions and cavities Understand aging and pathology as they relate to body organization

Introduction Field of medicine is full of very technical terms Developed to help medical personnel better communicate about the body Anatomy – structural make-up of an organism Physiology – functions and role of anatomical features Studied in ancient times by cutting up the body Morphology – differences and similarities in the anatomy of individuals How body structures form from birth Take on difference appearances due to disease or damage

Fine anatomy vs. gross anatomy Fine – examines microscopic features of the body Gross – concerned with features of the body visible to the naked eye

Fine anatomy vs. Gross anatomy Fine – often studied to find the cause of disease and bodily injury Microscopes are the basic tool Gross – provides the first indication that something may be wrong with the body

Embryology and Developmental anatomy Investigation of the anatomical changes that take place during human growth Embryo – embryology After birth – developmental anatomy

Physiology Investigated by observing changes to the fine and gross anatomical features Not always accurate, need more details Pathology – study of human diseases

Human Body Orientation **Please get in the supine position! NOW! What? !? ! Often used in reports to communicate precise information about the human body

Direction Divided into two sets of terminology Directional orientation – view one has of a person Directional planes – series of terms that describe the way a body can be viewed and divided Anatomical position – arms are placed with palms forward

Medial vs. Lateral Medial – nearest the midline of the body Nose is medial to the ears Pinky finger is medial to the thumb Lateral – away from the midline Ears are lateral to the nose Thumb is lateral to the pinky finger

Superior vs. Inferior Superior – nearest to the head Eyes are superior to the nose Sometimes cephalic or cranial is used in place of superior (cephalic and cranial means “pertaining to the head”) Inferior – body part that is below another Nose is inferior to the eyes Caudal – regularly used in place of inferior • Means near the tail

Distal vs. Proximal Distal – located far from an attachment point Hand is distal to the shoulder Proximal – located near an attachment point Shoulder is proximal to the hand

Anterior vs. Posterior Anterior – toward the front Nose is anterior to the ears ventral – (toward the front) commonly replaces anterior Posterior – toward the back Ears are posterior to the nose Dorsal – (toward the back)commonly replaces posterior • Ears are dorsal to the nose

Anatomical Position STOP!!

Review Directional Orientation Directional orientation explains a particular view of a person. • Medial refers to the middle of the body. • Lateral refers to the sides of the body. • Superior, or cephalic, refers to a location near the head. • Inferior, or caudal, refers to a location near the feet. • Anterior, or ventral, refers to the front of the human body. • Posterior, or dorsal, refers to the back of the human body.

Directional Planes Directional planes are views of imaginary lines sliced through a person. • Sagittal - slices the body vertically into left and right sections. • Midsagittal - slices the body into equal left and right halves. • Frontal - slices the body vertically into anterior and posterior sections. • Coronal – same as frontal • Transverse - slices the body horizontally into inferior and superior sections.

Directional Planes

Positions Developed to help health and medical practices describe the way a patient is positioned Sitting – standard way people would sit in a chair or at edge of table Fowler’s – legs are straight out and the back is supported by the back of a chair, partition, or wall Supine – person is flat on back facing up Prone – lying face down on table Trendelenburg’s – supine with body tilted so the head is lower than the legs Modified Trendelenburg’s – supine with legs higher than the rest of body

Positions, cont. Dorsal – supine with his or her knees bent up Lithotomy – legs are placed on supports that hold the ankles and spread out the legs Knee-chest – facing down with legs bent and the buttocks push up Sim’s – facing down on left side with left arm behind the back, left knee bent

Movement Critical in describing the way the arms and legs are moved in relation to the body Each movement has an opposite movement Referred to as antagonistic

Movement, cont. Flexion – to bend a joint Extension – straightens a joint Abduction – moving arm or leg away from the midline Adduction – moving arm or leg toward the midline Eversion – rotates hand or foot so that the thumb or great toe moves away for the body’s midline Inversion – turns the hand or foot inward toward the body

Movement, cont. Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Inversion Eversion STOP!!!

Body Regions Describe the body as if viewing a map

General Locations Cervical – neck region Carpal – refers to wrist Ocular – refers to eyes Abdominal – refers to Clavicular – region around collar bone Acromial – shoulder region Brachial – refers to arm Cubital – refers to elbow stomach Thoracic – chest region Pelvic – region around hip Pubic – groin region Geniculate – knee region Pedal – foot region

General Locations, cont. Superficial – body region close to the skin Deep – structure location away from surface Bilateral – located laterally on both sides of the body Ex – eyes and ears Unilateral – single body part found in lateral location Heart and stomach

Location Descriptors Parietal – outer wall of hollow body part, such as stomach Also refers to thin linings cover WHOLE body cavities Superficial coverings – on the outside Visceral – inner wall of an organ Also refers to covering found directly on body parts (1 organ) DEEP – on the inside Palmar – palm of the hand Plantar – sole of the foot

Abdominopelvic Regions

Abdominopelvic Region – below the chest, above the groin Right hypochondriac – upper right corner of apr Left hypochondriac – upper left corner of apr Epigastric – upper middle of apr Right lumbar – middle right corner of apr Lumbar means at the “small of the back” Left lumbar – middle left corner of apr Umbilical – between right and left lumbar of apr Right inguinal – lower right corner of apr Left inguinal – lower left corner of apr Hypogastric – between right and left inguinal of apr

Body Quandrants – abdominopelvic regions divided in 4 sections Right upper Quad – contains the right hypochondriac, lumbar, epigastric, and umbilical regions Left upper Quad – contains the left hypochondriac, lumbar, epigastric, and umbilical regins Right lower Quad – contains the right inguinal, lumbar, hypogastric, and umbilical regions Left lower Quad – contains the left hypochondriac, lumbar, epigastric, and umbilical regions

Regions vs. Quadrants are easier to remember, but provide LESS detail…. .

Body Cavities Body is divided into distinct cavities to contain certain organs walls off various organs with thin sheets of wet membrane called… Serosa – flattened layers of muscle

Body Cavities, cont. Abdominopelvic cavity – contains abdominal and pelvic cavities Abdominal – contains the liver, gallbladder, intestines, kidneys, spleen, and stomach Pelvic – includes the rectum, reproductive system, and urinary bladder Thoracic – contains the esophagus, heart, lungs, and respiratory tree Pericardial cavity – heart Pleural cavity – left and right lungs

Body cavities, cont. Mediastinum – between the lungs, contains the pericardial cavity Cranial cavity – brain Oral cavity – mouth Nasal cavity – cavity behind nose Sinuses – small cavities found in bones surrounding cranial cavity Diaphragm – large, muscular partition below the thoracic cavity

Body Cavities, cont. Spinal cavity – contains the spinal cord Divided into spinal-regions • • • Cervical - neck Thoracic – thorax, chest Lumbar - dorsal section of umbilical region Sacral – pelvic area Coccyx – tail bone area

Body Cavities