HYPOTHESES Null hypothesis H 1 Alternative hypothesis H

HYPOTHESES • Null hypothesis (H 1) • Alternative hypothesis (H 0) • Direction of hypothesis: states the kind of difference or relationship between two conditions or two groups of participants • One-tailed (directional): ‘people who study in silent surroundings achieve better than those who study in noisy surroundings’ • Two-tailed (no direction): ‘there is a difference between people who study in silent surroundings and those who study in noisy surroundings’

OPERATIONALISING HYPOTHESES • Hypothesis: ‘people who study in quiet surroundings achieve better than those who study in noisy surroundings’ • What do ‘work better’, ‘quiet’ and ‘noisy’ mean? Define the operations: – ‘work better’ = obtain a higher score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – ‘quiet’ = silence – ‘noisy’ = CD music playing • Operationalised hypothesis: ‘people who study in silence achieve a higher score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale than those who study with CD music playing’

DIRECTIONAL AND NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES Directional (one-tailed): People who do homework without the TV on produce better results than those who do homework with the TV on. Non-directional (two-tailed): There is a difference between work produced in noisy or silent conditions.

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES