ANATOMICAL TERMS ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Anatomical nomenclature Nomina anatomica

ANATOMICAL TERMS

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Anatomical nomenclature (Nomina anatomica) is a scientifically unified register of anatomical terms used in medicine and biology, which is formed according to the body system. The anatomical term is a word used to name a definite unit or structure of a human body. Anatomical terms were created during centuries on the ground of Greek and Latin languages. The modern anatomical nomenclature consists mainly of Latin words, but Greek terms are also used among them.

In the late 19 -th century some 50 000 terms for various body parts were in use. The same structures were described by different names, depending (among other things) on the anatomist’s school and national tradition. There was disagreement and confusion among anatomists regarding anatomical terminology. In 1887 the revision of modern anatomical terminology was initiated.

A congress of the Anatomische Gesellschaft (Anatomical society) in Basle in 1895 – Baseler Nomina Anatomica (BNA). The register of anatomical terms was checked and renewed in Jena in 1935 (Jenaer Nomina Anatomica – JNA, that was used only in Europe). Congresses of Anatomists: in Paris in 1955 (Parisiana Nomina Anatomica – PNA); in Montreal 1987, in Budapest 1988, in New York 1989, in Sao Paolo 1997. The last edition, called Terminologia Anatomica, was introduced by the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee and published in 1998.

STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL TERMS Anatomical terms may consist of one, two, three, four and more words (up to 8). 1. One-Word Terms (monomial): � a. simple; � b. composed. 2. Two-Word Terms (binomial): � a. two nouns in singular or plural; � b. a noun with an adjective. 3. Three-Word Terms: � a. three nouns; � b. a noun and two adjectives; � c. two nouns and an adjective. 4. Multiword Terms.

ONE-WORD TERMS (MONOMIAL) 1. One-Word Terms (monomial): a. simple – expressed by one word: ulna – elbow bone; humerus – humeral bone; cuneus – wedge; caput – head; tuber – tuber; facies – surfasce, costa – rib, costae – ribs. � b. composed – formed by two or more stems using linking vowels -o or -i: humeroulnaris – humeroulnar, cuneonavicularis – cuneonavicular, cuneiformis – cuneiform; scaphoideus – scaphoid. �

TWO-WORD TERMS (BINOMIAL) Two-Word Terms (binomial) are composed of a noun and a modifier, which concretizes the noun. Modifier always follows the noun. May consist of: a. two nouns in singular or plural: corpus vertěbrae – body of vertebra, corpŏra vertebrārum – bodies of vertebrae; os coccyges – coccygeal bone. b. a noun with an adjective: vertěbra thoracĭca – thoracic vertebra; cornu coccygeum – coccygeal horn.

THREE-WORD TERMS Three-Word Terms may consist of: � a. three nouns: ligamentum tubercŭli costae – ligament of tubercle of rib; � b. a noun and two adjectives: processus articulāris superĭor – superior articular process; � c. two nouns and an adjective: sulcus nervi spinālis – furrow of the spinal nerve.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF A NOUN Genus (gender): masculīnum (masculine), feminīnum (feminine) neutrum (neuter). Numerus (number): singulāris (singular) plurālis (plural). Casus (case): Nominativus (nominative) Genetivus (genitive) Dativus (dative) Accusativus (accusative) Ablativus (ablative) Vocativus (vocative)

DICTIONARY FORM OF A NOUN The dictionary form of a noun consists of three components: � 1. the full form of Nominative singular; � 2. the Genitive singular ending; � 3. the designation of gender (with the letters m, f, n). ala, ae f – wing; sternum, i n – breast bone; ductus, us m – duct.

DECLINATIO (DECLENSION) There are five declensions in Latin; that is, five categories of nouns, each with its own endings. Declinatio prima (First declension) costa, ae f – rib vertěbra, ae f – vertebra Declinatio secunda (Second declension) nasus, i m – nose collum, i n – neck olecrănon, i n – tip of the elbow cancer, cri m – cancer Declinatio tertia (Third declension) canālis, is m – canal regĭo, ōnis f – region os, ossis n – bone Declinatio quarta(Fourth declension) arcus, us m – arch cornu, us n – horn Declinatio quinta (Fifth declension) facĭes, ēi f – surface, face

Declinationes Numerus / Casus I Singularis -a (f) Nom. Pluralis Gen. III IV V -us (m) -es (f) -us, -er different (m) (m, f, n) -u (n) -um (n) -ae -i -is -us -ei -ae -i -es -us -es -a -(i)a -ua -ōrum -(i)um -uum Nom. Gen. II -ārum -ērum

THE NOUN AS NON-AGREED MODIFIER

EXERCISES

Determine the declension of nouns: cor, cordis n __ natura, ae f __ lien, lienis m __ lens, lentis f __ caput, itis n __ glandula, ae f __ palatum, i n __ os, oris n __ pilus, i m __ tuba, ae f __ pes, pedis m __ pelvis, is f __ membrum, i n __ cartilago, inis f __ paries, etis m __ crista, ae f __ fornix, icis m__ calvaria, ae f __ dies, ei m, f __ scabies, ei f __

Determine the declension of the nouns: facies, ēi f (surface); pars, partis f (part); nervus, i m (nerve); ramus, i m (branch); forāmen, ĭnis n (opening); canālis, is m (canal); ligamentum, i n (ligament); dens, dentis m (tooth); tempus, ŏris n (temple, time); genu, us n (knee); articulatio, ōnis f (joint); ala, ae f (wing); cartilāgo, ĭnis f (cartilage); cervix, īcis f (neck); meniscus, i m (meniscus); magister, tri m (teacher); sphincter, ēris m (sphincter); colon, i n (part of large intestine); plexus, us m (network, chiefly of veins or nerves); tuber, ěris n (thickend portion of underground stem; rounded swelling); diaphragma, ătis n (septum between thorax and abdomen, diaphragm).

Find the stem of nouns: metacarpus, i m medulla, ae f lobus, i m os, ossis n phalanx, ngis f vermis, is m coccyx, ygis m pyramis, idis f porta, ae f plexus, us m rete, is n ren, renis m spina, ae f systema, atis n sutura, ae f truncus, i m textus, us m tela, ae f stroma, atis n species, ei f

Complete the terms and translate into English: sutura, ae f / cranium, ii n cavitas, atis f / thorax, acis m dorsum, i n / pes, pedis m cingulum, i n / membrum, i n digitus, i m / manus, us f regio, onis f / caput, itis n trigonum, i n / femur, oris n basis, is f / os, ossis n septum, i n / sinus, us m corpus, oris n / maxilla, ae f vena, ae f / porta, ae f meatus, us m / nasus, i m _ facies, ei f / tuberculum, i n hiatus, us m / canalis, is m

Put nouns into Gen. sing. : fossa, ae f digitus, i m ligamentum, i n caput, itis n os, ossis n ductus, us m genu, us n facies, ei f ulna, ae f ramus, i m membrum, i n corpus, oris n sinus, us m processus, us m cornu, us n caries, ei f

Pay attention to the word order: spina scapŭlae (spine of shoulder bone); raphe palāti (suture of palate); skelěton membri (skeleton of a limb); ossa cranii (bones of skull); fossa glandŭlae (cavity of gland); vena portae (portal vein); septum nasi (dividing wall of nose); crista tubercŭli (crest of tubercle); processus radii (appendix of radial bone); caput fibŭlae (head of fibular bone); corpus tibiae (body of shin bone); facies acromii (surface of acromion); linea nuchae (line of neck nape); sulcus sinus (furrow of sinus); basis cranii (base of skull); angŭlus mandibŭlae (angle of lower jaw).

Pay attention to the word order: collum costae (scapŭlae) (neck of rib (shoulder blade)); corpus fibŭlae (huměri, maxillae, tibiae) (head of fibular bone (humeral bone, upper jaw, shin bone)); Incisūra mandibŭlae (scapŭlae) (notch of lower jaw (shoulder blade)); radix dentis (linguae) (root of tooth (tongue)); angŭlus costae (mandibŭlae) (angle of rib (lower jaw))

Make up the dictionary form of nouns: arcus (arch), sinus (cavity, sinus), concha (concha), incisūra (slit ornotch), sulcus (furrow or groove), cornu (horn), nasus (nose), amnion (amnion), scapŭla (shoulder blade), adĭtus (enter), septum (dividing wall), ganglion (nerve node), collum (neck), porus (opening, pore), orgănon (organ), encephălon (brain), muscŭlus (muscle), ramus (branch), genu (knee), nodus (node), lingua (tongue; language), fossa (shallow depression or cavity), colon (part of large intestine), olecrănon (elbow appendix), bulbus (bulb; any rounded mass), pleura (membrane lining chest and covering lungs), tubercŭlum (tubercle; small rounded swelling).