Body Organization and Terminology Lab Exercise 2 Bio

Body Organization and Terminology Lab Exercise 2 Bio 160

Body Cavities • Axial – Head, neck and trunk • Appendicular – Upper and lower limbs

Body Cavities • Dorsal cavity – back side – formed by cranium and vertebrae § Cranial cavity – contains brain § Vertebral (spinal) canal – contains spinal cord

Body Cavities • Ventral Cavity – Belly side - organs inside are collectively called viscera lined with serous membrane (parietal and visceral) (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium) § Thoracic cavity Ø Pleural cavity - contains lungs (parietal and visceral pleura)

Body Cavities Ø Mediastinum - mass of soft tissue between lungs from sternum to vertebral column; includes heart in pericardial cavity (parietal and visceral pericardium), aorta, esophagus and trachea

Body Cavities § Abdominopelvic cavity - lined with parietal and visceral peritoneum (diaphragm divides the thoracic from abdominopelvic) Ø Abdominal Ø Pelvic

Body Cavities • Smaller cavities within the head § Oral cavity § Nasal cavity and sinuses § Orbital cavity § Middle ear cavity

Organ Systems • Integumentary system – Body covering § Skin § Hair and nails • Skeletal system – Support and protection of soft tissue, production of blood cells and storage of calcium § Bones

Organ Systems § Ligaments § Cartilage • Muscular system – Movement, posture maintenance and heat production § Skeletal muscles § Tendons

Organ Systems • Nervous system – Receives sensory information, interprets information and stimulates effectors (ex. muscles or glands) § Brain § Spinal cord § Nerves

Organ Systems • Endocrine system – Secretes hormones § Pituitary gland § Thyroid gland § Adrenal gland § Pancreas § Ovaries and Testes § Thymus

Organ Systems • Cardiovascular system – Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes throughout body § Heart § Arteries § Veins

Organ Systems • Lymphatic system – Transports fluids back to bloodstream and some fats away from digestive system, also helps fight infections § Lymphatic vessels § Lymph nodes § Thymus § Spleen

Organ Systems • Digestive system – Breaks down food into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body § Mouth § Tongue § Teeth § Salivary glands § Pharnyx

Organ Systems § Esophagus § Stomach § Liver § Gallbladder § Pancreas § Small Intestines § Large Intestines

Organ Systems • Respiratory system – Move air in and out and exchange gases between the blood and air § Nasal cavity and Pharnyx § Larnyx § Trachea § Bronchi § Lungs

Organ Systems • Urinary system – Removes wastes from blood and maintains the body’s water and salt balance § Kidneys § Ureters § Urinary bladder § Urethra

Organ Systems • Male Reproductive system –Production and delivery of male reproductive cells (sperm) § Scrotum § Testes § Penis § Urethra

Organ Systems • Female Reproductive system –Production and maintenance of female reproductive cells (eggs) § Ovaries § Uterine tubes (Oviducts; Fallopian tubes) § Uterus § Vagina

Anatomical Position • body upright facing observer • arms at side • palms facing forward

Directional Terms (anatomical directions) • Dorsal – back side • Ventral – belly side • Anterior – that part which goes first (= ventral because belly goes first when we proceed (anterior = ventral only in bipeds and not in quadripeds))

Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (2) • Posterior – that part which follows (posterior = dorsal) • Superior – toward head or above another structure • Inferior – away from the head or below another structure

Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (3) • Lateral – away from midline • Medial – toward midline • Superficial – near the surface • Deep – more internal than superficial parts

Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (4) • Proximal – nearer to point of attachment of an extremity to trunk (ex. humerus is proximal to radius) – nearer to point of reference (origin) (ex. proximal convoluted tubules in kidney nephrons)

Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (5) • Distal – further from attachment of an extremity to trunk – further from point of reference (origin)

Body Planes & Sections • Plane – imaginary flat surface • Section – flat surface resulting from a cut made through the structure 1) Sagittal - section resulting from a plane that divides the body into right and left portions

Body Planes & Sections (2) 2) Frontal (Coronal) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior) 3) Transverse (cross) (xs) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions along a horizontal plane (actually any section that is a right angle to the length of a structure) (a slice of bread is a cross section of a loaf of bread)

Body Regions • Review Body Regions in text, pages 14 -17, Fig 1. 15&1. 16