The Body as a Whole Learning Objectives 1

The Body as a Whole

Learning Objectives 1. Recognize the relationship of cells, tissues, and organs, and list the major body systems. 2. List four types of tissue and recognize terms for their abnormal development. 3. Recognize the directional terms and planes of the body, match them with their descriptions, and write their combining forms. 4. Identify the body cavities, the body regions, and the four abdominal quadrants. 5. Recognize the terms for diagnostic procedures and 2 disorders presented in Chapter 5. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

6. Recognize the meanings of Chapter 5 word parts and use them to build analyze medical terms. 7. Write terms pertaining to body fluids and blood and their disorders, as well as associated terms. 8. Write terms about body defenses, immunity, and bioterrorism when given their definitions or match them with their meanings. 9. Spell medical terms correctly. Learning Objectives (cont’d) Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3

Basic Cell Structure Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4

Organizational Scheme Photo from Abrahams PH, Boon J, Spratt JD: Mc. Minn’s clinical atlas of human anatomy, ed 6, St Louis, 2008, Mosby. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5

Body Systems • • • muscular skeletal cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive • • • urinary reproductive integumentary nervous endocrine 6 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Main Tissue Types A B C Copyright © 2013, 2007, an imprint of Elsevier From 2011, Gartner LP, 2003 Hiattby JL: Saunders, Color Textbook of Histology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders. Inc. 7 D

Cell Development Terms -plasia means formation dysplasia aplasia hypoplasia hyperplasia anaplasia -trophy means nutrition hypertrophy Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8

Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia From Ignatavicius MS, Workman ML, Mishler MA: Medical-surgical nursing across the health care continuum, 5, Philadelphia, 2006, of Saunders-Elsevier. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 byed. Saunders, an imprint Elsevier Inc. 9

Anatomic Position 10 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Directional Word Parts and Terms • • • • anter/o poster/o ventr/o dors/o medi/o later/o transsuper/o infer/o proxim/o dist/o cephal/o caud/o toward the front; ventral toward the back, dorsal belly side back side middle toward the side across uppermost lowermost nearer the origin far or distant (so does tel/e) toward the head toward the tail 11 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Directional Word Parts and Terms (cont’d) • • anter/o + medi/o + -an = anteromedian poster/o + medi/o = posteromedian dors/o + later/o = dorsolateral poster/o + later/o = posterolateral anter/o + later/o = anterolateral medi/o + later/o = mediolateral infer/o + medi/o = inferomedian telecardiogram = tel/e + cardi/o + -gram 12 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Quick Quiz! What term means the abnormal development of tissues or organs? A. B. C. D. aplasia anaplasia dysplasia hypoplasia 13 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Directional Terms From Ballinger PW, Frank ED: Merrill’s atlas of radiographic positions and radiologic procedures, vol 1, ed 10, St Louis, 2003, Mosby. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14

Supine vs. Prone Supination vs. Pronation 15 D from Harkreader H, Hogan MA, Thobaben M: Fundamentals of nursing: Caring and clinical judgement, ed 3, Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Philadelphia, 2008, Saunders. Inc.

16 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Body Regions • • head neck torso extremities 17 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Combining Forms: Body Regions and Structures • • abdomin/o acr/o blephar/o cephal/o chir/o cyst/o dactyl/o lapar/o abdomen extremities eyelid head hands cyst, bladder, or sac digits abdominal wall Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18

Combining Forms: Body Regions and Structures (cont’d) omphal/o onych/o pelv/i periton/o pod/o som/a, somat/o thorac/o umbilicus nail pelvis peritoneum feet body chest (thorax) 19 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Palmar vs. Plantar A B 20 A from Seidel HM, Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA: Mosby’s guide to physical examination, ed 7, St Louis, 2011, Mosby. B from Sean Gladwell/Shutterstock Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Abdominal Quadrants From Wilson SF, Giddens JF: Health assessment for nursing practice, ed 4, St Louis, 2009, Mosby. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21

Abdominal Paracentesis 22 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Ascites 23 From Lewis SM, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR, O’Brien PG, Bucher L: Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 8, St. Louis, 2011, Mosby. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Abdominal Hernias 24 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Body Fluids intracellular extracellular edema 25 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Body’s Fluid Compartments 26 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Word Parts: Body Fluids crin/o, -crine dacry/o, lacrim/o -emia hidr/o hydr/o secrete tear, tearing or crying condition of the blood sweat or perspiration water lymph/o muc/o -poiesis -poietin py/o sial/o ur/o lymph mucus production substance that causes production pus saliva (or salivary glands) urine (or urinary tract) 27 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Word Parts: Body Fluids (cont’d) coagul/o cyt/o erythr/o hem/o, hemat/o leuk/o thromb/o -cyte -osis -penia coagulation cell red blood white clot cell increased or abnormal when cellular components deficiency 28 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Abscess 29 From Dorland’s dictionary, ed 32, Saunders, 2012, Philadelphia. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 byillustrated Saunders, medical an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Hydrocephalus 30 From Hart CA, Broadhead RL: Colour atlas of pediatric infectious diseases, London, 1992, Mosby-Wolfe. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Hematoma From Damjanov I, Linder J: Pathology: A color atlas, 2000, St. Louis, Mosby Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31

Quick Quiz! What does sial/o mean? A. B. C. D. sodium saliva or salivary gland sweat cell 32 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Glands salivary thyroid adrenal sudoriferous 33 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Blood Composition From Applegate E: The anatomy & physiology learning system, ed. 4, Philadelphia, 2011, Saunders. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34

Blood Coagulation Copyright Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc, 1994. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35

Agglutination From Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, and Roitt I: Immunology, ed 7, St Louis, 2006, Mosby. . Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 36

Stained Blood Sample From Gartner LP, Hiatt JL: Color textbook of histology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37

Blood Terminology erythrocytosis erythrocytopenia, erythropenia leukocytosis leukocytopenia, leukopenia leukemia thrombocytosis thrombopenia 38 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Blood Defenses and Immunity immunity resistance susceptibility inflammation 39 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Blood Defenses and Immunity • Nonspecific: • phagocytosis • interferon • complement • Specific: • antigen • antibody 40 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Blood Defenses and Immunity immunization vaccination immunocompromised, immunosuppressive, immunosuppressant hypersensitivity, allergies, anaphylaxis AIDS 41 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Specific Immunity From Applegate E: The anatomy and physiology learning system, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 42

Additional Terminology benign malignant metastasis, metastasize bioterrorism 43 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Metastasis of Cancer 44 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Quick Quiz! The two kinds of body defenses are A. B. C. D. nonspecific and specific resistance cell-mediated antibody-mediated erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis vaccination and antibiotic 45 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Bacteria in Body Fluids B from Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA: Medical microbiology, ed 3, St Louis, 1994, Mosby; D from Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS: Bailey & Scott’s diagnostic microbiology, ed 12, St Louis, 2007, Mosby. F from Atlas RM: Principles of microbiology, St Louis, 1995, Mosby. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 46

Acronyms and Abbreviations AIDS CA CBC, cbc CDC CSF FEMA HIV LLQ LUQ RBC RLQ RUQ WBC WMD 47 Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.