Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 2 Body

Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 2 Body Organization Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Multimedia Directory Slide 23 Slide 26 Slide 28 Slide 30 Slide 32 Slide 34 Slide 36 Slide 38 Slide 40 Slide 42 Slide 44 Slide 64 Slide 79 Cardiovascular System Animation Lymphatic System Animation Respiratory System Animation Digestive System Animation Urinary System Animation Female Reproductive System Animation Male Reproductive System Animation Endocrine System Animation Nervous System Animation Eye Anatomy Animation Ear Anatomy Animation Body Cavity Exercise Body Areas Exercise Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Organization Combining Forms l l l l l abdomin/o adip/o anter/o brachi/o caud/o cephal/o cervic/o chondr/o crani/o abdomen fat front arm tail head neck cartilage skull Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht l l l l l crur/o cyt/o dist/o dors/o epitheli/o glute/o hist/o infer/o later/o leg cell away from back of body epithelium buttock tissue below side Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Organization Combining Forms l l l l l medi/o muscul/o neur/o organ/o oste/o pelv/o peritone/o pleur/o poster/o proxim/o middle muscle nerve organ bone pelvis peritoneum pleura back near to Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht l l l l l pub/o somat/o spin/o super/o system/o thorac/o ventr/o vertebr/o viscer/o genital region body spine above system chest belly vertebra internal organ Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Levels of Body Organization Cells form tissues l Tissues form organs l Organs form systems l Systems form whole body l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cells Cytology – study of cells and their function l Fundamental unit of life l Has all properties of being alive l l l Responds to stimuli Engages in metabolic activity Reproduces itself All tissues and organs in body formed of cells Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cells l Individual cells perform functions for body l l l Reproduction Hormone secretion Energy production Excretion Special cells carry out very specific functions l l Muscle contraction Electrical impulse transmission Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cells come in different sizes and shapes l But all cells have l l Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 1 – Examples of four different types of cells from the body illustrating the differences in shape. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Tissues Histology – the study of tissue l Formed when like cells are grouped together to perform an activity l Four types of tissue l l l Muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Muscle Tissue Produces movement in body by contracting l Composed of individual muscle cells called muscle fibers l Three basic types of muscles l l Skeletal muscle – attached to bones Smooth muscle – internal organs like intestine and uterus Cardiac muscle – only in the heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 2 – This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and their location within the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Epithelial Tissue Known as epithelium l Found as lining for internal organs and covering for the skin l Close-packed cells that function to l l l Form a protective barrier – skin Absorb – lining of intestine Secrete – sweat glands Excrete wastes – kidney tubules Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Connective Tissue Supports and protects l Function depends on location l Many different forms l l l Adipose Bone Cartilage Tendons Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous Tissue Composed of cells called neurons l Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves l Allows for conduction of electrical impulses between brain and rest of the body l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Organs Composed of several types of tissue l Work together as a unit l Perform special functions l Example: stomach contains l l Muscle fibers Nerve tissues Epithelial tissue Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Systems Composed of several organs working together in coordinated manner l Perform complex functions l Example: stomach plus other digestive organs including mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, small intestines, and colon work together to break down, digest, and absorb food l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Integumentary System Two-way barrier and temperature regulation l Organs l l l Skin Hair Nails Sweat glands Sebaceous glands Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Musculoskeletal System – Skeleton Supports and protects body, forms blood cells, stores minerals l Organs l l l Bones Joints Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Musculoskeletal System – Muscles Produce movement l Organs l l Muscles Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular System Pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes l Organs l l Heart Arteries Veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular System Animation Click here to view an animation of the cardiovascular system. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Blood (Hematic System) Transports oxygen, protects, and controls bleeding l Organs l l l Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Lymphatic System Protects body l Organs l l l Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Spleen Thymus gland Tonsils Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Lymphatic System Animation Click here to view an animation of the lymphatic system. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Respiratory System Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide l Organs l l l l Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tubes Lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Respiratory System Animation Click here to view an animation of the respiratory system. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Gastrointestinal System Ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients l Organs l l l l l Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Colon Liver & gallbladder Pancreas Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Digestive System Animation Click here to view an animation of the digestive system. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Urinary System Filters waste and removes from body l Organs l l l Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Urinary System Animation Click here to view an animation of the urinary system. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Female Reproductive System Produces eggs and provides place for baby l Organs l l l l Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva Breast Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Female Reproductive System Animation Click here to view an animation of the female reproductive system. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Male Reproductive System Produces sperm l Organs l l l l Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Penis Seminal vesicles Prostate glans Bulbourethral glands Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Male Reproductive System Animation Click here to view an animation of the male reproductive system. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Regulates metabolic activity l Organs l l l l l Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Ovaries & testes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Endocrine System Animation Click here to view an animation of the endocrine system. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Receives sensory information and coordinates response l Organs l l Brain Spinal cord Nerves Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nervous System Animation Click here to view an animation of the nervous system. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Special Senses – Eye Vision l Organs l l Eyes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Eye Anatomy Animation Click here to view an animation of the eye. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Special Senses – Ear Hearing and balance l Organs l l Ears Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Ear Anatomy Animation Click here to view an animation of the ear. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Specialties by System Integumentary l Musculoskeletal l l l Endocrine Cardiovascular Blood Lymphatic Respiratory Dermatology Orthopedics, Orthopedic Surgery Endocrinology Cardiology Hematology Immunology Otorhinolaryngology, Pulmonology, Thoracic Surgery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Specialties by System l l l l Digestive Urinary Female Reproductive Male Reproductive Nervous Eye Ear Gastroenterology, Proctology Urology Gynecology, Obstetrics Urology Neurology, Neurosurgery Ophthalmology Otorhinolaryngology Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Anatomical Position Used when describing positions & relationships of structures in body l Assume person is in anatomical position even if body or parts of the body are in other positions l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Anatomical Position l l l Standing erect Arms at side of body Palms facing forward Eyes straight forward Legs are parallel Feet and toes pointing forward Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 3 – The anatomical position: standing erect, arms down at sides, palms facing forward, fingers extended, eyes looking straight ahead, legs together, and toes pointing forward. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Planes Used to assist in describing the body and its parts l Three planes: l l Sagittal plane Frontal plane Transverse plane Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Sagittal Plane l l l Also called median plane Vertical plane Runs lengthwise from front to back Divides body into left and right portions Cut along sagittal plane yields a sagittal section Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Frontal Plane l l l Also called coronal plane Vertical plane Runs lengthwise from side to side Divides body into front and back positions Cut along frontal plane yields a frontal section or coronal section Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Transverse Plane Also called horizontal plane l Crosswise plane that runs parallel to the ground l Divides body into upper and lower portions l Cut along transverse plane yields a transverse section l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 4 – The planes of the body: sagittal plane, frontal plane, and transverse plane. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Additional Sections l Cross-section l l Produced by slice perpendicular to long axis of structure Longitudinal section l Produced by lengthwise slice along axis of structure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Regions Cephalic – head l Cervical – neck l Brachial – arm l Crural – leg l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Regions of the Trunk (torso) l Anterior trunk l Thoracic – chest Abdominal Pelvic l Pubic – genitals l l l Posterior trunk l Dorsum – back Vertebral l Gluteal – buttocks l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 5 – Anterior and posterior regions of the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Cavities Body is not solid structure; has many open spaces or cavities l Two dorsal cavities l l Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Two ventral cavities l l Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Dorsal Cavities l Cranial cavity l l Contains brain Spinal cavity l Contains spinal cord Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Thoracic Cavity l Contains l l l Two lungs Central mediastinum Mediastinum contains l l l Heart Aorta Esophagus Trachea Thymus gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Abdominopelvic Cavity Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm l Superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity l Contain digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 6 – The dorsal (red) and ventral (blue) body cavities. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Cavity Exercise Click here to view an interactive exercise on body cavity terminology. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Viscera Encased in Sac l Double layered membranous sac l l Parietal layer – outer layer that lines cavities Visceral layer – inner layer that contacts viscera Called pleura in thoracic cavity l Called peritoneum in abdominopelvic cavity l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Subdivisions of Pleura l Pleural cavity l l Contains the lungs Pericardial cavity l Contains the heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen l Upper row: l l l Middle row: l l l Right and left hypochondriac regions Center epigastric region Right and left lumbar regions Center umbilical region Lower row: l l Right and left inguinal regions Center hypogastric region Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Table 2. 3, Figure A – The anatomical divisions of the abdomen. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Clinical Divisions of Abdomen l Right upper quadrant (RUQ) l l l Majority of liver Gallbladder Small portion of pancreas Small intestine Colon Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht l Right lower quadrant (RLQ) l l l Small intestine Colon Right ovary Right fallopian tube Appendix Right ureter Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Clinical Divisions of Abdomen l Left upper quadrant (LUQ) l l l Small portion of liver Spleen Stomach Majority of pancreas Small intestine Colon Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht l Left lower quadrant (LLQ) l l l Small intestine Colon Left ovary Left fallopian tube Left ureter Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Table 2. 3, Figure B – The clinical divisions of the abdomen. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Directional Terms Assist medical personnel in position or location of patient’s complaint l Help to describe one process, organ, or system as it relates to another l They are listed in pairs that have opposite meanings in following table l Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Directional Terms l Superior or cephalic l l Inferior or caudal l l More towards feet Anterior or ventral l l More towards head More towards front or belly-side of body Posterior or dorsal l More towards back or spinal cord side of body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Directional Terms l Medial l l Lateral l l More towards side Proximal l l More towards middle Nearer to the point of attachment to body Distal l Farther away from point of attachment to body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2. 7 – Anterior and lateral views of the body illustrating directional terms. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Directional Terms l Apex l l Base l l Bottom or lower part of an organ Superficial l l Tip or summit of organ More towards surface of body Deep l Further away from surface of body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Supine l Supine – lying horizontally facing upward Figure 2. 8 A – The supine position. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Prone l Prone – lying horizontally facing downward Figure 2. 8 B – The prone position. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Areas Exercise Click here to view an interactive exercise on body area terminology. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Structure Word Building abdomin/o + –al abdominal pertaining to abdomen anter/o + –ior anterior pertaining to front brachi/o + –al brachial pertaining to arm caud/o + –al caudal pertaining to tail cephal/o + –ic cephalic pertaining to head cervic/o + –al cervical pertaining to neck crani/o + –al cranial pertaining to skull crur/o + –al crural pertaining to leg Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Structure Word Building dist/o + –al distal pertaining to away dors/o + –al dorsal pertaining to back of body epitheli/o + –al epithelial pertaining to epithelium glute/o + –al gluteal pertaining to buttocks infer/o + –ior inferior pertaining to below later/o + –al lateral pertaining to side medi/o + –al medial pertaining to middle muscul/o + –ar muscular pertaining to muscles Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Structure Word Building neur/o + –al neural pertaining to nerves organ/o + –ic organic pertaining to organs pelv/o + –ic pelvic pertaining to pelvis peritone/o + –al peritoneal pertaining to peritoneum pleur/o + –al pleural pertaining to pleura poster/o + –ior posterior pertaining to back proxim/o + –al proximal pertaining to near pub/o + –ic pubic pertaining to genitals Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Structure Word Building somat/o + –ic somatic pertaining to body spin/o + –al spinal pertaining to spine super/o + –ior superior pertaining to above system/o + –ic systemic pertaining to systems thorac/o + –ic thoracic pertaining to chest ventr/o + –al ventral pertaining to belly vertebr/o + –al vertebral pertaining to vertebrae viscer/o + –al visceral Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to internal organs Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Organization Abbreviations AP anteroposterior CV cardiovascular ENT ear, nose, and throat GI gastrointestinal GYN gynecology lateral LE lower extremity (leg) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Organization Abbreviations LLQ left lower quadrant LUQ left upper quadrant MS musculoskeletal OB obstetrics PA posteroanterior RLQ right lower quadrant RUQ right upper quadrant UE upper extremity (arm) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.