Movement in Anatomical Terms The Anatomical Position o

Movement in Anatomical Terms

The Anatomical Position o Universal “starting point” o All joints are considered to be in a neutral position o No movement has occurred yet o Arms slightly to the side, palms up! o Standing erect, palms and feet facing forward

Planes o Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned for viewing structures o By studying a region from sagittal, horizontal, and frontal planes of reference, a 3 -D perspective can be obtained.

Planes o Sagittal: the plane that creates a right and a left side of the body passing from the front to the back o Horizontal: also called the transverse plane, creates a top and a bottom o Frontal: also called the lateral plane, creates a front and a back side as it passes from one side of the body to another

Planes

Anatomical Positions and Directions o Used for spatial relationships o Superior: refers to something that is above or higher than another structure o Inferior: refers to something that is below or lower than another structure

Anatomical Positions and Directions o Lateral: Refers to something farther away from the midline of the body o Medial: Refers to something closer to the midline of the body

Anatomical Positions and Directions o Anterior: Refers to a structure that is in front of another structure o Posterior: Refers to a structure that is behind another structure

Anatomical Positions and Directions o Proximal: means closer to the trunk o Distal: means farther away from the trunk o Dorsal: means top side of a structure (dorsal fin) o Plantar: the underside of the foot

Anatomical Positions and Directions o Prone: means lying face down o Supine: means lying face up o Afferent: directed toward a center o Efferent: directed away from a center o Central: situated or pertaining to a center o Peripheral: situated away from a center o Median: situated in the midline of a structure

Anatomical Positions and Directions o Intermediate: situated between median (middle) and lateral (side) o Deep: situated far beneath the surface o Superficial: situated near the surface

Anatomical Positions and Directions

Fundamental Movements o Flexion: decreasing the angle formed by the bones of the joint o Extension: increasing the angle of the joint o Example: knee flexion vs. knee extension o Hyperextension: extreme or excessive straightening of a part

Fundamental Movements o Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body o Adduction: movement toward the midline of the body o Example: hip adduction vs. hip abduction

Fundamental Movements o Internal (Medial) Rotation: the anterior surface of the arm or leg rotates medially toward midline. o External (Lateral) Rotation: the anterior surface of the arm or leg rotates laterally away from the midline

Fundamental Movements o Circumduction: movement in 2 or 3 planes o At which joints is this movement possible?

Fundamental Movements o Pronation: turning the forearm toward the body o Supination: turning the forearm outward from the pronated position (hold a cup of soup)

Fundamental Movements o Dorsiflexion: bringing the toes towards the body o Plantar Flexion: pointing the toes away from the body

Fundamental Movements

Injury Terms o Abrasion: skins surface scraped away o Acute: recent or new injury; sudden onset o Atrophy: wasting away of tissue or an organ o Avulsion: tearing away of a part or a structure o Bursa: fluid filled sac

Injury Terms o Calcification: deposits of calcium in an area o Chronic: injury with a long onset and long duration o Contraindicate: to advise against o Contusion: bruise o Crepitus: crackling sound, “rice krispies” o Cyanosis: blue discoloration

Injury Terms o Dislocation: complete separation of two ends of a joint, must be reduced o Subluxation: partial or incomplete separation of a joint, goes out then goes back in on its own o Ecchymosis: bruising, blue color o Edema: swelling in the tissue o Effusion: swelling in the joint o Fracture: break in the bone

Injury Terms o Hematoma: collection of or swelling that is blood; blood tumor o Incision: straight cut; surgical cut o Indicate: advise the use of o Inflammation: body’s response to injury o Joint Laxity: Looseness in the joint o Laceration: jagged tear of the skin

Injury Terms o Ligament: structure that connects bone to bone o Tendon: structure that connects muscle to bone o Modality: healing apparatus o Point Tenderness: pain produced when structure is palpated o Puncture wound: body part is pierced or stabbed by an object

Injury Terms o Range of Motion: amount of movement allowed o o o at the joint Referred Pain: pain felt somewhere other than its origin Sprain: stretching or tearing of ligaments Strain: stretching or tearing of muscle/tendons Valgus: position of a body part that is bent outward Varus: position of a body part that is bent inward

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes o Arthro: Joint o Cardio: Heart o Chondro: Cartilage o Neuro: Nerve o Pneumo: Lung o Pyscho: Brain/Mental o Tomy: To Cut/Incision o Plantar: Sole of the foot

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes o Supra/Super: Above o Semi: Half o Palmar: Palm of the Hand o Thermo: Heat o Cryo: Cold o Arterio: Arteries o Cerebro: Brain o Myo: Muscle

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes o Osteo: Bone o Derm: Skin o Sub: Below/beneath o Pseudo: False o Quad: Four o Hyper: Excessive o Brachium: Arm o Phalangeal: Fingers/Toes

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes o Cephalic: Towards the Head o Vertebro: Vertebrae/Spine o A/An: Without/Lack of o Ad: Toward o Bi: Both/Two/Twice o Inter: Between o Hypo: Under/Beneath

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes o Sym/Syn: Joined/fused o Algia: Pain o Itis: Inflammation o Ology: Study of o Pathy: Disease o Uni: One/single o Epi: Above o Ab: Away from

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes o Ante: Before, In Front Of o Co/con: Against o Intra: Within o Peri: Around o Re: Again/Backward o Retro: Behind o Ectomy: Remove o Oma: Tumor

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes o Osis: Condition of o Scopy: Examine o Post: After

Joint Anatomy

Joint Anatomy Synovial: -Classifications: -Immovable: Synarthrotic -Slightly Movable: Amphiarthrotic -Freely Movable: Diarthrotic -4 Features: -Capsule or Ligaments -Synovial Membrane -Articular Cartilage -Joint cavity w/ synovial fluid

Joint Anatomy Synovial: -Types: -Ball & Socket: Shoulder -Hinge: Elbow -Pivot: (Atlas/Axis) -Ellipsoidal: Phalanges -Saddle: Thumb -Gliding: Wrist

Joint Anatomy Fibrous: -Features: -Connected by fibrous tissue -Immovable or slightly movable -Types: -Sutures: Skull -Syndesmosis: Interosseous -Gomphosis: Teeth

Joint Anatomy Cartilagenous: -Features: -Joined by cartilage -Slightly Movable -Types: -Syndchondroses: Ribs (hyaline cartilage) -Symphysis: Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs (Fibrocartilage)