Medical Terminology FOR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS 20 Radiology

Medical Terminology FOR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS 20 Radiology and Nuclear Medicine

Learning Outcomes • Define radiology. • Explain the dangers and safety precautions associated with x-rays. • Identify the positions used in radiography. • Discuss diagnostic imaging as used by the radiologist and several computedassisted x-ray machines that are described in this chapter. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Outcomes • Describe nuclear medicine and some of the general uses of this specialty. • Define interventional radiology and state some interventional procedures described in this chapter. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Types and Characteristics • • • X-Rays CT Scan Sonogram- Ultra Sound MRI Nuclear Medicine – PET – Bone • Interventional Radiology Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • The scientific discipline of medical imaging • Career Pathways in Rad Tech http: //www. asrt. org/home • http: //www. bls. gov/ooh/Healthcare/Radiol ogic-technologists. htm • This medical specialty was developed after the discovery of an unknown ray in 1895 by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, who called his discovery x-ray. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology An invisible form of radiant energy with short wavelengths traveling at 186, 000 miles per second. • Able to penetrate different substances to varying degrees. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Characteristics of X-Rays – Able to penetrate substances of different densities. § X-rays pass through air in the lungs, fluids such as blood and lymph, and fat around muscles. – Such substances are radiolucent. § X-rays are absorbed by substances such as calcium in bones, lead, or barium. – Such substances are radiopaque. – Can be used as a diagnostic tool by introducing a contrast medium into the body. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Characteristics of X-Rays – Cause ionization, a process resulting in the gain or loss of one or more electrons in neutral atoms. § The gain of an electron creates a negative electrical charge; the loss of an electron results in a positively charged particle. § These charged particles are called ions. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Characteristics of X-Rays – Allow the x-ray beam to be directed at a specific site during radiotherapy or to produce high-quality shadow images on film (radiographs). Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Characteristics of X-Rays – X-rays can destroy body cells. – Radiation can be used to destroy malignant tumors. – Care must be exercised because x-rays can destroy healthy as well as abnormal tissue. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Fluoroscopy is a study of moving body structures--similar to an X-ray "movie. " A continuous X-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined. The beam is transmitted to a TV-like monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in detail. Figure 20. 1 The patient is positioned for a fluoroscopy. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Characteristics of XRays • Radiography • Fluoroscope: a device that projects x-ray images in a movielike sequence onto a screen monitor. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 20. 6 X-ray technician in a lead apron positions a procedure. This apron is a protective shield of lead and rubber worn by a patient or those taking x-rays to protect the genitals and other vital organs from excessive exposure to x-rays. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Dangers and Safety Precautions – Precautions need to be taken to avoid unnecessary exposure. § Prolonged exposure – Can cause damage to gonads (testes or ovaries) and/or depress the hematopoietic system – Personnel involved with radiation therapy should limit their exposure by staying farther away from the source of radiation. – Infographic on radiology levels Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Dangers and Safety Precautions – Secondary radiation § X-rays can scatter or be diverted from their normal straight paths when they strike radiopaque objects, adding unwanted density to the image. § Grid: a device positioned between the x-ray machine and the patient to absorb scatter before it reaches the x-ray film Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Dangers and Safety Precautions – Safety precautions § Not all scatter or secondary radiation is absorbed by a grid. § Safety precautions for those working in areas adjacent to x-ray equipment include: – Film badge – Lead barrier – Lead-lined room – Protective clothing – Gonad shield Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Dangers and Safety Precautions – Safety precautions § Film badge – Device pinned to medical workers' clothing to monitor an individual's exposure to beta and gamma rays. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 20. 2 Types of radiation badges to be worn by all staff around x-ray equipment. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Positions Used in Radiography – Anteroposterior (AP) position § Front part of body faces x-ray tube; back of body faces the film. § X-rays pass through the body from front to back to reach the film. – Posteroanterior (PA) position § Back of body faces x-ray tube; front of body faces the film. § X-rays pass through the body from back to front to reach the film. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Positions Used in Radiography – Lateral position § X-ray beam passes from one side of the patient's body to the opposite side to reach the film. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Positions Used in Radiography – Supine position § Patient rests on the back, face upward, allowing the x-rays to pass through the body from front to back. – Prone position § Patient lies face down with head turned to one side; x-rays pass from back to front side of body. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Positions Used in Radiography – Oblique position § Patient's body or body part is at an angle to the x-ray beam. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Diagnostic Imaging – Provides radiologist images of internal body organs and processes by using: § x-rays § ultrasound § radiopharmaceuticals § radiopaque media (contrast media) § computers Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Diagnostic Imaging – These images are used to identify and locate: § tumors § fractures § hematomas § disease processes § other abnormalities within the body Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Diagnostic Imaging – Computer-assisted x-ray machines enhance images obtained by the radiologist. § Noninvasive procedures are now possible in lieu of exploratory surgical procedures. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Mammography is the study of the breast using x ray. Pictured Normal mammogram obtained through the process of mammography. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FYI • Breast cancer screening has reduced deaths from breast cancer in women 40 – 69 years of age. • A mammogram can detect changes in the breast, often before a lump can be felt. – Can also show calcifications, or mineral deposits, cysts or fluid-filled masses, leaking breast implants, and noncancerous tumors or growths. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 20. 8 Mammogram showing cancer with microcalcifications. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Computed Tomography (CT) – Sometimes referred to as a CAT scan (computerized axial tomography). – Combines an advanced xray scanning system with a powerful minicomputer. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Computed Tomography (CT) – CT scans reveal both bone and soft tissues, including organs, muscles, and tumors. – Aids diagnosis, surgery, and treatment, including radiation therapy, in which effective dosage depends highly on the precise density, size, and location of a tumor Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 20. 3 Computed tomography system. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 20. 4 3 D CT scan, multiple facial fractures. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – A noninvasive imaging technique to view: § organs § bone § other internal body structures – The imaged body part is exposed to radio waves while in a magnetic field. – -SOUND OF MRI Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – The picture is produced by energy emitted from hydrogen atoms in the body. – Patient is not exposed to radiation during this test. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Can be used for a variety of purposes: § Cranial MRI: evaluates a person's tumor, seizure disorder, or headache symptoms § MRI of the spine examines a disk problem. § Is frequently used to study large joints such as the shoulder or knee § Is commonly used to evaluate disease of the heart, chest, abdomen, and pelvis Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 20. 5 MRI of head showing large hemorrhagic lesion. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Differences between CT and MRI • What are the differences between the two? • http: //blog. image 32. com/mri-vs-catscan/ Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Ultrasound – Means beyond sound – Sound frequency beyond the range of human hearing – Widely used in diagnostic imaging to evaluate a patient's internal organs – Ultrasonography: process of using ultrasound to produce a record of ultrasonic echoes as they strike tissues of different densities § The record is called a sonogram or echogram. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 20. 13 Ultrasound, left kidney, and spleen. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Radiology • Ultrasound – Doppler echocardiography is a noninvasive technique for determining: § the blood flow velocity in different locations in the heart. § the uterine artery blood flow velocity during pregnancy, as well as the fetal heart rate. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nuclear Medicine • Subspecialty within the field of radiology that uses radioactive substances to produce images of body anatomy and function • Patient is given radioactive substance, either intravenously or by mouth. – Images are developed based on detection of energy emitted from radioactive substance. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nuclear Medicine • Positron Emission Tomography – Most commonly used to detect: § Cancer § Heart problems § Brain disorders § Other central nervous system disorders Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nuclear Medicine • Positron Emission Tomography – Commonly called a PET scan – Helps physicians see how the organs and tissues inside the body are functioning – Detects and records the energy given off by the tracer substance injected into patient's arm vein § This energy is converted by a computer into three-dimensional pictures. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

PET Scans Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of PET scans. Back to Directory Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 20. 10 PET scan comparing the metabolic activity levels of a normal brain and the brain of an Alzheimer's sufferer. Red and yellow colors indicate high activity levels; blue colors represent low activity levels. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Bone Scans • Bone scans • A bone scan is a nuclear imaging test that helps diagnose and track several types of bone disease. – Shows specific areas of irregular bone metabolism – Detects abnormal blood flow to a particular bony region Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 20. 12 Nuclear medicine bone scan. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Interventional Radiology • Interventional Radiology is a medical sub-specialty of radiology utilizing minimally-invasive imageguided procedures to diagnose and treat diseases in nearly every organ system. Source: http: //www. hopkinsmedicine. org/vascular/what_is_IR. html Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Table 20. 1 Selected Interventional Procedures Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Abbreviations Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Types and Characteristics • • • X-Rays CT Scan Sonogram- Ultra Sound MRI Nuclear Medicine – PET – Bone • Interventional Radiology Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8 e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved