Unlocking Medical Terminology Second Edition CHAPTER 11 Blood

Unlocking Medical Terminology Second Edition CHAPTER 11 Blood and the Lymphatic System Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimedia Directory Slide 39 Slide 47 Slide 51 Slide 67 Slide 82 Lymphatic System Animation AIDS Video Anaphylaxis Animation Leukemia Video Sickle Cell Video Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Define and spell the word parts used to create medical terms for blood and the lymphatic system – Identify the organs of blood and the lymphatic system and describe their structure and function Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives (cont. ) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Define common medical terms used for blood and the lymphatic system – Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices for blood and the lymphatic system Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Blood and the Lymphatics • Blood and lymph – Are closely associated with one another – Both carry white blood cells – Both are involved in the immune response Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Blood and the Lymphatics (cont. ) • Blood – Found within the heart and blood vessels • Lymph – Found within lymphatic vessels – Formed from blood during capillary exchange – Rejoins the bloodstream Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefixes • • ana- = up, toward, apart homo- = same iso- = equal macro- = large micro- = small pro- = before trans- = through, across, beyond Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms • • • aden/o = gland aut/o = self bacter/o, bacteri/o = bacteria blast/o = germ, bud, developing cell chromat/o = color Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • erythr/o = red fung/o = fungus hem/o, hemat/o = blood immun/o = exempt, immunity Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) leuk/o = white lymph/o = clear water, fluid mon/o = one myel/o = bone marrow (also means spinal cord, medulla, myelin sheath) • nucle/o = kernel, nucleus • • Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • • path/o = disease plas/o = change poikil/o = irregular septic/o = putrefying splen/o = spleen Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • staphyl/o = grape-like clusters, Staphylococcus (bacterium) • strept/o = twisted or gnarled, Streptococcus (bacterium) • therm/o = heat Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • thromb/o = clot thym/o = wart-like, thymus gland tox/o, toxic/o = poison vir/o = virus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes • • • -crit = to separate -cyte = cell -emia, -hemia = condition of blood -globin = globe-like protein -lysis = to loosen, dissolve -osis = condition of Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes (cont. ) • -penia = abnormal reduction in number, deficiency • -pexy = surgical fixation, suspension • -phil, -philia = loving, affinity for Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes (cont. ) • • -phylaxis = protection -poiesis = formation -stasis = standing still -therapy = treatment Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology • Blood transports: – oxygen – nutrients – enzymes – hormones – waste materials Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology (cont. ) • As blood circulates, some goes into lymphatic vessels and becomes lymph • Lymph passes through lymph nodes – Lymph nodes § contain millions of white blood cells § remove bacteria and other unwanted materials Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology (cont. ) • White blood cells – Are the functional components of the immune response – Defend us against § viruses § bacteria § protozoa § fungi § nonliving substances that can cause disease Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Blood • Plasma – The fluid part of blood – Slightly thicker than water, due to dissolved proteins – A slightly yellowish color • Fibrinogen – Protein involved in blood-clotting process Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Blood (cont. ) • Serum – Watery fluid left over once fibrinogen is removed from a blood sample – Easier to store than whole blood § Does not clot § A convenient blood replacement Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Blood (cont. ) • Three types of formed elements – Red blood cells – White blood cells – Platelets Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 1 A blood smear Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

Red Blood Cells • Produced from stem cells in red bone marrow during hematopoiesis § Live about 120 days § About 3 trillion in body • Each cell is filled with a specialized protein called hemoglobin – Contains iron Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 2 Hematopoiesis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

Figure 11. 3 Red blood cells Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

Figure 11. 4 Red blood cells Source: Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. Unlocking Medical

Platelets • Also called thrombocytes • Second most abundantly formed elements in blood • Smaller than RBCs • Prevent fluid loss that would otherwise follow an injury by: – coagulation, which results in the formation of blood clots Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 5 A blood clot Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

White Blood Cells • Also called leukocytes • The fewest cells in a normal sample of blood • Protect body from infectious microorganisms and other foreign, unwanted materials Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

White Blood Cells (cont. ) • Several types of WBCs exist in the blood – Granulocytes: § Eosinophils • Phagocytic: attack and “eat” bacteria § Basophils • Release substances that trigger an allergic reaction § Neutrophils • Most abundant granulocyte • Phagocytic Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

White Blood Cells (cont. ) • Several types of WBCs exist in the blood – Agranulocytes: § Monocytes • Phagocytic • Transform into macrophages, or “large eaters” § Lymphocytes • T cells and B cells – T cells destroy unwanted substances and are important in activating B cells – B cells produce antibodies Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 6 Macrophage Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

The Lymphatic System • Lymph – Does not contain RBCs or platelets – Flows in a one-way direction toward the heart • Other organs of lymphatic system include – spleen – thymus gland – tonsils – lymphatic nodules within wall of large intestine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 7 The lymphatic system Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

The Lymphatic System (cont. ) • Pathogens: Disease-causing agents that include – viruses – bacteria – fungi – protozoans – worm-like organisms Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 8 Pathogens Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

The Lymphatic System (cont. ) • Toxins – Poisonous substances that interfere with cell function • Infection – An immunological disease that results from a pathogen • Immune response – The mechanisms the body employs to battle infections Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lymphatic System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the lymphatic system. The animation may take a moment to begin playing. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots • • • bacter = bacteria cyt = cell erythr = red hem, hemat = blood immun = exempt; immunity lymph = clear water or fluid Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots (cont. ) • • • path = disease thromb = clot thym = wart-like; thymus gland tox = poison vir = virus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs • Anisocytosis – Presence of red blood cells of unequal size • Bacteremia – Presence of bacteria in the bloodstream • Erythropenia – Abnormally reduced number of red blood cells • Hemolysis – Rupture of the red blood cell membrane Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Hemorrhage – Loss of blood from the circulation • Macrocytosis – Abnormally large-sized red blood cells • Poikilocytosis – Large, irregularly shaped red blood cells Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Polycythemia – Abnormal increase in number of erythrocytes in the blood • Splenomegaly – Abnormal enlargement of the spleen Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders • AIDS – Acronym for acquired immune deficiency syndrome – Caused by HIV § disables immune response by destroying mainly helper T cells – Loss of immune function § allows opportunistic infections § eventually causes death Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 9 HIV Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

AIDS Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of AIDS. The video may take a moment to begin playing. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Allergy – Response to an allergen § an antigen that produces hypersensitivity reaction that includes immediate inflammation – Most common types of allergies § allergic rhinitis (hay fever) § allergic dermatitis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 10 Results from an allergy skin test Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Anaphylaxis – An immediate reaction to an antigen that includes § rapid inflammation § systemwide smooth muscle contractions Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bee Sting Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on anaphylaxis. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Anemia – A reduced ability of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to tissues – Common forms include § § aplastic anemia iron deficiency anemia sickle cell anemia pernicious anemia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Aplastic anemia – Failure of red bone marrow to produce RBCs • Autoimmune disorder – A person’s own immune response attacks healthy tissues § rheumatoid arthritis § systemic lupus erythematosus § multiple sclerosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Botulism – Form of poisoning caused by ingestion of food contaminated with the toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum • Diphtheria – Disease caused by a bacterium and its toxin, resulting in inflammation of mucous membranes, primarily in the mouth and throat Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 11 Diphtheria Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Dyscrasia – General term for abnormal condition of blood • Erythroblastosis fetalis – Blood disorder § Incompatibility between a fetus with Rh positive blood and its mother with Rh negative blood § Requires blood transfusions to save the fetus § Also known as Rh mismatch or hemolytic disease of newborn Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Fungemia – Fungal infection distributed by way of the bloodstream • Gas gangrene – Infection of a wound caused by various anaerobic bacteria Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Hemochromatosis – Inherited disorder – Excessive accumulation of iron deposits in the body • Hemophilia – Inherited bleeding disorder – Results from defective clotting proteins involved in blood coagulation Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Hodgkin’s disease – Cancer of lymphatic tissue – Characterized by § progressive enlargement of lymph nodes § fatigue § deficiency of immune response • Immunodeficiency – Condition that results from a defective immune response Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Immunosuppression – Reduction of an immune response caused by disease or, in the case of organ transplants, by the use of chemical, pharmacologic, physical, or immunologic agents • Infection – Multiplication of disease-causing microorganisms Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 12 Reaction against infection Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Inflammation – A swelling of body tissue caused by fluid accumulation – Symptoms include § § swelling redness heat pain Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 13 Inflammation Source: Phototake NYC Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Influenza – Viral disease – Characterized by § temporary inflammation of mucous membranes § fever – Commonly called “the flu” – Highly contagious – Virus can mutate to escape detection by WBCs Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Iron deficiency anemia – Caused by a lack of iron – Results in smaller red blood cells containing deficient levels of hemoglobin • Leukemia – Cancer of the red bone marrow – Increased number of WBCs, many of which are abnormal and nonfunctional Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 14 Leukemia Source: Getty Images, Inc. /Stone Allstock Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second

Leukemia Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of leukemia. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Lymphadenitis – Inflammation of the lymph nodes • Lymphadenopathy – Disease of the lymph nodes – Lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS) often precedes onset of AIDS Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Lymphoma – Tumor that originates in lymphatic tissue • Malaria – Disease caused by a parasitic protozoan that infects red blood cells – Is carried by Anopheles mosquitoes – Characterized by § periodic fevers § fatigue Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 15 Malaria Source: Photo Researchers, Inc. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Mononucleosis – Viral disease – Characterized by § § § enlarged lymph nodes atypical lymphocytes sore throat fever fatigue Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 16 Mononucleosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Myelodysplasia – Bone marrow disorder – Characterized by § proliferation of abnormal stem cells § usually develops into a form of leukemia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Nosocomial infections – Disorder that usually consists of bacterial infections contracted during a hospital stay – Often due to antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Pernicious anemia – Caused by an insufficiency of vitamin B 12 – Results in red blood cells that are large, varied in shape, and reduced in number Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Plague – Any infectious disease of wide prevalence or excessive mortality Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Rabies – Viral infection spread from the mouth of an infected animal, usually by way of a bite – Neurotoxin acts on the central nervous system and is highly fatal Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Septicemia – Systemic disease caused by presence of bacteria and their toxins in the circulating blood – Person is referred to as septic Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Sickle cell anemia – Inherited, chronic anemia – Defective hemoglobin causes misshapen red blood cells (sickle-shaped) Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 17 Sickle cell anemia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

Figure 11. 17(continued) Sickle cell anemia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

Sickle Cell Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of sickle cell anemia. The video may take a moment before playing. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Staphylococcemia – – Staphylococci bacteria in the blood Commonly called a staph infection A frequent complication to normal healing Most common cause of § § food poisoning skin inflammation osteomyelitis nosocomial infections Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Tetanus – Disease caused by a powerful neurotoxin released by the common bacterium Clostridium tetani – Causes convulsions and paralysis • Thymoma – Tumor that originates in the thymus gland Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices • Antibiotic – A therapeutic treatment effective only against bacteria – Many types are capable of developing resistance, especially when antibiotics are not administered properly • Anticoagulant – A chemical agent that reduces the clotting process Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Antiretroviral therapy – Application of drugs to battle against a class of viruses that tend to mutate quickly, such as HIV – Also known as combination therapy, as in a drug cocktail that blocks HIV replication Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Attenuation – Process in which pathogens are rendered less virulent, prior to using in a vaccine preparation • Autologous transfusion – Transfusion of blood donated by a patient for personal use – Common procedure before surgery to avoid potential incompatibility or contamination Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Bacteriology – Field of science and medicine focused on § the study of bacteria § prevention of bacterial diseases • Blood chemistry – Blood-sample test(s) to measure levels of particular components Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Blood culture – Test to determine blood infection by using a blood sample to grow populations of bacteria for analysis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Blood transfusion – Restoring a patient’s blood volume to normal levels – Two main types § autologous transfusions § homologous transfusions Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 18 Blood transfusion Source: Getty Images Inc. /Image Bank Unlocking Medical Terminology,

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Coagulation time – Determines the time required for a blood clot to form § Prothrombin time (PT) monitors anticlotting therapy § Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) evaluates clotting ability Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Complete blood count – A common lab blood test that provides diagnostic information about a patient’s general health – Abbreviated CBC • Differential count – Microscopic count of the number of each type of white blood cell Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate – Provides a general indication of how much inflammation is present in the body – Abbreviated ESR Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Hematocrit – Test that measures the percentage of RBCs in a volume of blood – Abbreviated HCT or Hct • Hematology – The general field of medicine that focuses on blood-related disease – Specialist: hematologist Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Hemoglobin – Test that measures level of hemoglobin in RBCs – Abbreviated HGB or Hgb • Hemostasis – Stoppage of bleeding Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Homologous transfusion – Transfusion of blood that is voluntarily donated by another person – Requires blood-type matching (crossmatching) • Immunization – Procedure that provides immunity against a particular antigen Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11. 19 Immunization with a vaccine Source: Photo. Edit Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Immunology – Study of immunity and allergy • Immunotherapy – A treatment of infectious disease – Activates or strengthens the immune response by use of § serum § gamma globulin § treated antibodies, etc. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Lymph node dissection – Pathological study of removed nodes assists in a diagnosis – Also known as lymph node biopsy • Lymphadenectomy – Excision of a lymph node Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Lymphadenography – Process of x-ray photography of the lymph nodes following injection of a contrast medium • Lymphadenotomy – Incision into a lymph node Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Lymphangiography – Process of x-ray photography of lymphatic vessels following injection of a contrast medium – X-ray recording: lymphangiogram Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Pheresis – Removal of donor’s blood, separated into blood components § One portion is used, remainder returned to donor – Plasmapheresis – Leukapheresis – Plateletpheresis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Platelet count – Calculating number of platelets in the blood • Prophylaxis – Any treatment that tends to prevent onset of infection or other type of disease • Red blood count – Measures the number of red blood cells per cubic centimeter (cc) – Abbreviated RBC Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Splenectomy – Excision of the spleen • Splenopexy – Surgical fixation of the spleen • Thrombolysis – Process of dissolving a blood clot • Thymectomy – Excision of the thymus gland Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Toxicology – Study of toxins and treatment of diseases they cause – Specialist: toxicologist • Vaccination – Inoculation of a culture that has reduced virulence, as a means of providing a cure or a prophylaxis (prevention) Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Vaccine – Any preparation used to activate an immune response • Virology – Study of viruses and treatment of diseases they cause – Specialist: virologist Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • White blood count – Measures the number of white blood cells per cubic centimeter – Abbreviated WBC Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pharmaceuticals • • • Antibiotics Antifungals Antihistamines Antiparasitics Antiretrovirals Antiseptics Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pharmaceuticals (cont. ) • • • Antivirals Corticosteroid creams Immunosuppressants Protease inhibitors Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abbreviations • • AIDS CBC ESR HCT, Hct HGB, Hgb HIV INR Unlocking Medical

Abbreviations (cont. ) • • LAS PCP PLT PT PTT RBC WBC Unlocking Medical

Classroom Response System Pretest Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

What does bacteremia mean? A. the presence of bacteria in the blood B. the presence of unequal red blood cells C. the rupture of the red blood cells D. a reduced number of white blood cells Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The combining form for blood is: A. bacteri/o B. hemat/o C. erythr/o D. aden/o Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Splenomegaly is defined as: A. abnormal reduction in the platelets B. abnormal enlargement of the liver C. abnormal enlargement of the spleen D. abnormal enlargement of the kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The combining form cyt/o means: A. red B. blue C. bacteria D. cell Unlocking

What does the suffix -emia mean? A. disease B. tumor C. condition of the blood D. bleeding Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Which of the following refers to a severe allergic reaction that causes immediate inflammation and systemwide spasms? A. anaphylaxis B. allergy C. anemia D. bacteremia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the prefix an- mean? A. together B. without C. same D. around

What does the suffix -lysis mean? A. large B. bleeding C. condition of the blood D. loosen or dissolve Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the prefix macromean? A. large B. equal C. small D. without Unlocking

The word edema means which of the following? A. the presence of fungus in the blood B. abnormal condition of blood C. leakage of fluid from the bloodstream into the interstitial space D. a mass of blood outside the blood vessels Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classroom Response System Post-test Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

What is the function of the lymphatic system? A. carry components of oxygen throughout the body B. carry components of immunity throughout the body C. maintain proper circulation in the body by maintaining cardiac output D. maintain proper utilization of the body’s ingested food Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form tox/o mean? A. blood B. bacteria C. fungus D. toxin Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Toxicology is the study of: A. viruses B. toxins C. bacteria D. blood Unlocking

What refers to a reduction in the immune system response caused by chemicals or drugs? A. immunosuppression B. immunodeficiency C. incompatibility D. infection Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does lymphoma mean? A. a tumor of the spleen B. a tumor originating in the blood C. a tumor originating in the lymphatic tissue D. a tumor of the liver Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the abbreviation for hemoglobin? A. PT B. PLT C. HCT D. HGB

What is the abbreviation for a complete blood count? A. WBC B. CBC C. RBC D. ESR Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does necrosis mean? A. death of one or more cells B. a tumor of a lymph node C. low red blood cell count D. an infection Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hemorrhage means which of the following? A. rupture of the red blood cells B. abnormal loss of blood C. abnormal reduction in white blood cells D. abnormally large cells Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form poikil/o mean? A. regular B. large C. irregular D. small Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.