English STMIK Pal Com Tech MULAI MATERI Introduction

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English STMIK Pal. Com. Tech MULAI MATERI

English STMIK Pal. Com. Tech MULAI MATERI

Introduction Pengenalan Materi • Mengenalkan Bahasa Inggris untuk menjadi bahasa kedua dalam kegiatan sehari-hari.

Introduction Pengenalan Materi • Mengenalkan Bahasa Inggris untuk menjadi bahasa kedua dalam kegiatan sehari-hari. • Mengenalkan Bahasa Inggris untuk membantu meningkatkan kemampuan mengerjakan TOEFL.

PERTEMUAN 1 INTRODUCTION AND SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

PERTEMUAN 1 INTRODUCTION AND SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Highlight • • • Introduction Simple Present Tense Nominal Sentence Verbal Sentences asessment

Highlight • • • Introduction Simple Present Tense Nominal Sentence Verbal Sentences asessment

Introduction It is the act of introducing or the state of being introduced Some

Introduction It is the act of introducing or the state of being introduced Some questions and answers for an Introduction -What’s your name? My Name is. . . -Where do You live? I live at. . . . -Wher do you come from originally? I originally come from. . .

Some question and answer for an Introduction -How old are you? I am. .

Some question and answer for an Introduction -How old are you? I am. . . . . -What’s your hobby? My hobby is. . . -Nice to meet you, too

Simple Present Tense It is used 1. to express habits, general truth, repeated action

Simple Present Tense It is used 1. to express habits, general truth, repeated action 2. To give an instruction or direction

Simple Present Tense Examples - He drinks tea at breakfast They Catch the bus

Simple Present Tense Examples - He drinks tea at breakfast They Catch the bus every morning Water freezes at zero degrees Open the package and pour it into the water Indonesia is rich and beautiful

Nominal Sentence Formula OF NOMINAL SENTENCE • • I am You They are We

Nominal Sentence Formula OF NOMINAL SENTENCE • • I am You They are We She He is It

Nominal Sentence • Example 1. He is good at English (+) 2. He is

Nominal Sentence • Example 1. He is good at English (+) 2. He is not good at English (-) 3. Is he good at English ? (? )

Verbal Sentence Formula of Verbal Sentence Subjects Helping Verbs I YOU Do/Don’t THEY WE

Verbal Sentence Formula of Verbal Sentence Subjects Helping Verbs I YOU Do/Don’t THEY WE SHE HE IT Does/Doesn’t

Verbal Sentence Examples They speak English (+) They don’t speak English (-) Do they

Verbal Sentence Examples They speak English (+) They don’t speak English (-) Do they speak English? (? ) She teaches English everyday She doesn’t teach English everyday Does she teach English everyday?

Asessment Write your daily activity in 100 words

Asessment Write your daily activity in 100 words

PERTEMUAN 2 PART OF SPEECH 1

PERTEMUAN 2 PART OF SPEECH 1

Highlight • • • Kinds of part of speech Noun Adjective Adverb Asessment

Highlight • • • Kinds of part of speech Noun Adjective Adverb Asessment

Part of Speech • Part of Speech is any of the classes of words

Part of Speech • Part of Speech is any of the classes of words of given language to which a word can be assigned • 8 kinds of part of speech ( verb, noun, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction and inerjection)

Nouns 1. Noun is a word that identifies a person, animal, place, or thing

Nouns 1. Noun is a word that identifies a person, animal, place, or thing Example My mother is beautiful The dog barked I went to Lampung Close the door, please

Classes of Nouns Proper nouns and Common Nouns 1. Proper nouns It will name

Classes of Nouns Proper nouns and Common Nouns 1. Proper nouns It will name a specific item and begin with capital letter no matter where it occurs in the sentence 2. Common nouns Words used to to name general item rather than specific ones

Classes of Nouns Examples 1. Common Nouns I want to be a writer I

Classes of Nouns Examples 1. Common Nouns I want to be a writer I would like to adopt a cat Let’s go to the city 2. Proper Nouns Agatha Christie wrote many books Cleopatra is the cutest kitten ever Let’s go to San Francisco

Classes of Nouns Abstract Noun is type of noun which a person can not

Classes of Nouns Abstract Noun is type of noun which a person can not physically interact (peace, pride, loyality, anger, honesty, charity, etc) Collective noun is a name for a collective or a number of people or things (class, jury, team, family, group, choir, crew, gang, etc)

Classes of Nouns Examples 3. Abstract Nouns -Send them my love -He could not

Classes of Nouns Examples 3. Abstract Nouns -Send them my love -He could not keep his anger 4. Collective Nouns -The jury return unanimous verdict -A board of directors is having a leadership training

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another noun -tall professor -thick book Kind

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another noun -tall professor -thick book Kind of Adjectives 1. Adjective of quality - Sheila is a beautiful woman 2. Adjective of quantity - She drinks much water 3. Adjective of number - Many people came to the meeting 4. Demonstrative adjective - That bag is expensive 5. Interrogative adjective - Whose pen is this?

Verbs Verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being

Verbs Verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being Example - I eat cheese - I am a teacher Some kinds of verb -Transitive verb (arrest, enjoy, avoid, like, give, touch, etc) It needs object and usually followed by noun I need a chair -Intransitive verb ( appear, come, fall, sleep, swim, etc) It doesn’t need an object but it needs adverbial modifier She cries loudly

Asessment EXERCISE Name the underlined words by using correct part of speech completely 1.

Asessment EXERCISE Name the underlined words by using correct part of speech completely 1. The town is beautiful 2. She sleeps well every night 3. We got many friends 4. The team won the competition 5. I met that man in Jakarta 6. Whose book is it? 7. Palembang is a big city 8. She enjoyed the party last night 9. They celebrated the freedom

PERTEMUAN 3 PART OF SPEECH 2

PERTEMUAN 3 PART OF SPEECH 2

Highlight • • Pronouns Prepositions Adverbs Conjunctions

Highlight • • Pronouns Prepositions Adverbs Conjunctions

Pronouns Pronoun is a word that takes the place of noun Types OF Pronouns

Pronouns Pronoun is a word that takes the place of noun Types OF Pronouns Subjective Pronouns Objective Pronouns Possessive Pronouns I Me Mine You Yours They Them Theirs We Us Ours She Hers He Him His It It Its

Kinds of Pronouns Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Myself Yourself/selves Themselves Ourselves herself himself itself

Kinds of Pronouns Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Myself Yourself/selves Themselves Ourselves herself himself itself

Kinds of Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Near This tastes good This Have Singular You seen

Kinds of Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Near This tastes good This Have Singular You seen that? These Do you. Plural like these? Examples This tastes good Have you seen that? Do you like these? These are bigger than those far That Those

Kinds of Pronouns Relative Pronouns It is a pronoun that introduces a ralative clause/an

Kinds of Pronouns Relative Pronouns It is a pronoun that introduces a ralative clause/an adjective clause, they are “who, whom, whose, which, that” Example -This is the book which everyone is talking about -People who are clever can always find a way -I have a friend whose cat is annoying -The house that Jack built is beautiful -This is George, whom you met at our house last year

Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and

Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and some other word or element in the rest of the sentence. • The types of preposition are as follows: • 1. Preposition for Time 2. Preposition for Place 3. Preposition for Direction

Kinds of Preposition of time in 1. 1. Month or year ( in March,

Kinds of Preposition of time in 1. 1. Month or year ( in March, in 1830) 2. Particular time of day, month or year (in morning, in first week) 3. Season (in winter, in summer on 1. Day (on Monday) 2. Date (on 5 th March) at 1. Time of clock (at 5 O’clock) 2. Precise time (at noon, at lunch time)

Adverbs An adverb is a word that describes - or modifies, - a verb,

Adverbs An adverb is a word that describes - or modifies, - a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Kinds of Adverbs 1. 2. 3. 4. Adverbs of manner Adverb of place Adverb of time Adverb of frequency

Kinds of adverbs • Adverbs of Manner • These adverbs tell us that in

Kinds of adverbs • Adverbs of Manner • These adverbs tell us that in which manner the action occurs or how the action occurs or occurred or will occur. • Examples. • She speaks loudly. He was driving slowly. You replied correctly. He runs fast. They solved the problem easily. Listen to me carefully.

Kinds of Adverbs • • Adverb of Place. Adverb of place tells us about

Kinds of Adverbs • • Adverb of Place. Adverb of place tells us about the place of action or where action occurs/occurred/will occur. e. g. here, there, near, somewhere, outside, ahead, on the top, at some place. Examples. He will come here. The children are playing outside. He was standing near the wall. They were flying kites on the top of hill. He lives somewhere in New York. She went upstairs.

Kinds of Adverbs • • Adverb of frequency Adverbs of frequency tell us how

Kinds of Adverbs • • Adverb of frequency Adverbs of frequency tell us how many times the action occurs or occurred or will occur. e. g. daily, sometimes, often, seldom, usually, frequently, always, ever, generally, rarely, monthly, yearly. Examples. He goes to school daily. She never smokes. He is always late for class. They always come in time. Barking dogs seldom bite. The employees are paid monthly. The employees are paid every month.

Conjunctions 1. A conjunction is the glue that holds words, phrases and clauses Coordinating

Conjunctions 1. A conjunction is the glue that holds words, phrases and clauses Coordinating Conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are short words i. e. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet. (fanboys) Coordination conjunction joins two equal parts of a sentence, Word + word Phrase + phrase Clause + clause Independent clause + independent clause. Examples. Word + word: She likes tea and coffee. Phrase + phrase: He may be in the room or on the roof. Clauses + clause: What you eat and what you drink affect your health. Independent clause + independent clause: The cat jumped over the mouse and the mouse ran away.

Kinds of Conjunctions 2. Subordinating Conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions (called subordinators) join subordinate clause (dependent

Kinds of Conjunctions 2. Subordinating Conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions (called subordinators) join subordinate clause (dependent clause) to main clause. e. g. although, because, if, before, how, once, since, till, until, when, where, whether, while, after, no matter how, provided that, as soon as, even if, MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE + MAIN CLAUSE 1. Examples. He does not go to school because he is ill. I will call you after I reach my home. I bought some cookies while I was coming from my office.

Kinds of Conjunctions 3. Correlative Conjunction. These are paired conjunctions which join words, phrases

Kinds of Conjunctions 3. Correlative Conjunction. These are paired conjunctions which join words, phrases or clauses which have reciprocal or complementary relationship. The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are as follows Either … or Neither … nor Whether … or Both … and Not only … but also

Kind of Counjunctions Examples. Neither John nor Marry passed the exam. Give me either

Kind of Counjunctions Examples. Neither John nor Marry passed the exam. Give me either a cup or a glass. Both red and yellow are attractive colors. I like neither tea nor coffee.

Asessment Exercise Name the underlined words by using correct part of speech 1. She

Asessment Exercise Name the underlined words by using correct part of speech 1. She sang a song beautifully 2. He can speak not only English but also Frech 3. they looked everywhere 4. your book is old, mine is new 5. If we run this program well, we can get extra bonus from our boss. 6. I haven’t finished my project because I am very busy. 7. We got a room with very beautiful view here but it is very expensive. 8. She was the best students in this university. 9. He has never come late to office 10. They are coming from a small village

PERTEMUAN 4 SIMPLE FUTURE AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

PERTEMUAN 4 SIMPLE FUTURE AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Highlight. Form and Formula of Simple Future Tense . Form and Formula of Present

Highlight. Form and Formula of Simple Future Tense . Form and Formula of Present Progressive

Simple Future Tense It is used to predict future event Simple Future Verbal Simple

Simple Future Tense It is used to predict future event Simple Future Verbal Simple Future Nominal -He will win -She will be in Jakarta -He will not win -She will not be in Jakarta -Will he win -Will she be in Jakarta? 1. S+WILL+VERB 1/BE+COMPLEMENT

Present Progressive It is used to express on going action in the present Examples

Present Progressive It is used to express on going action in the present Examples They are studying with Maria They are not studying with Maria Are they studying with Maria? S+verb tobe+verb 1+ing+Complement

Kilas Balik Negasi (2) Exercise Write your future plan in 70 words

Kilas Balik Negasi (2) Exercise Write your future plan in 70 words

PERTEMUAN 5 CLAUSE

PERTEMUAN 5 CLAUSE

Highlight • Dependent and independent Clause • Adjective Clause • Adverb Cluse • Noun

Highlight • Dependent and independent Clause • Adjective Clause • Adverb Cluse • Noun Clause

Main and Subordinate Clause • Main or Independent Clause “Main (or independent) clause is

Main and Subordinate Clause • Main or Independent Clause “Main (or independent) clause is a clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand as a sentence. Examples I met the boy who had helped me. She is wearing a shirt which looks nice. • Subordinate or dependent Clause Subordinate (or independent) clause is a clause which does not express complete thought and depends on another clause (main clause) to express complete thought. Examples He likes Chinese rice which tastes good

Adjective Clause is a type of subordinate clause that acts as an adjective (modify

Adjective Clause is a type of subordinate clause that acts as an adjective (modify noun or pronoun) and it starts with Relative Pronouns (who, whom, which, whose, that) Example -the woman, who looked happy danced accross the street -the book that is on the floor should be returned to library -the carpet which you bought last year has gone moldy

Adverb Clause Adverb clause is a group words which plays a role as an

Adverb Clause Adverb clause is a group words which plays a role as an adverb Examples -we left after the speech ended -when the storm started, she was at the store -if you save some money , you can buy a new game -Although you gave it your best, you didn’t win the match

Noun Clause A noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a

Noun Clause A noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun. Examples She didn't know that the directions were wrong. He didn't realize that the stove was off. They now understand that you should not cheat on a test.

Asessment Exercise Rewrite the sentences by using adjective clause -A lion is an animal,

Asessment Exercise Rewrite the sentences by using adjective clause -A lion is an animal, it is very strong A lion. . . -A novelist is a person, he writes novels A novelist. . . . . -the man is sick, he looks very pale The man. . . -she gave an injection, it made him go to sleep She. . . . -the competition was very exciting, a Canadian won it A Canadian. . . . .

PERTEMUAN 6 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

PERTEMUAN 6 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Highlight • Active Voice of some tenses • Passive Voice of some Tenses

Highlight • Active Voice of some tenses • Passive Voice of some Tenses

Active Voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the

Active Voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verbormula Formula= S+ verb+object+complement Examples -Harry eats rice everyday -She sweeps the floor twice a day -They read novels at school every break -You do your homework every evening -She will call us on the weekend

Uses of passive The uses of passive -To mention the doer of the activity

Uses of passive The uses of passive -To mention the doer of the activity The rubbish hasn’t been collected by the students -the doer of the acticity is unknown exactly The minister wae murdered

Formula of Passive Forming the Passive Form of the passive; be + Past Participle

Formula of Passive Forming the Passive Form of the passive; be + Past Participle Active : Mary helped the boy Passive : The boy was helped by Mary In Passive, The object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb

Formula of Passive The passive Form of Modals The passive form: modal + be

Formula of Passive The passive Form of Modals The passive form: modal + be + Past Participle -will be invited -can be opened -should be taught -may be excused -had better be returned -ought to be sent -has to be told

Asessment Exercises Change the following sentences into passive voice! -Harry ate shrimp at dinner

Asessment Exercises Change the following sentences into passive voice! -Harry ate shrimp at dinner -Sue changes the flat tire -We keep the butter here -They broke the window -People have seen wolves in the street -They were carrying the injured player

PERTEMUAN 7 UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER

PERTEMUAN 7 UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER

PERTEMUAN 8 COMPARISON DEGREE

PERTEMUAN 8 COMPARISON DEGREE

Highlight • Positive Degree • Comparative Degree • Superlative Degree

Highlight • Positive Degree • Comparative Degree • Superlative Degree

Comparison • Definition of Comparison Degree • Comparison degree is adjectives are used to

Comparison • Definition of Comparison Degree • Comparison degree is adjectives are used to clarify the difference between 2 objects/nouns. In English grammar the comparison degree of an adjective or adverb describes the relational value of one thing with something in another a sentence. An adjective or adverb may simply describe a quality

Degree of Comparison There are three comparison degree in English : 1. Positive degree

Degree of Comparison There are three comparison degree in English : 1. Positive degree Example : Nino is as tall as Rai. 2. Comparative degree Example : Rose is more beautiful than Jasmine. 3. Superlative degree Example : Bear is the biggest animal.

Contoh Comparison Positive Degree Some boys are as tall as Jill Comparative Degree John

Contoh Comparison Positive Degree Some boys are as tall as Jill Comparative Degree John is taller than other boys Superlative Degree John is the tallest boy in the class

Positive Degree The Positive Degree is used to denote the mere existence of quality.

Positive Degree The Positive Degree is used to denote the mere existence of quality. The Positive Degree of an adjective in comparison is the adjective in its simple form. It is used to denote the mere existence of some quality of what we speak about. It is used when no comparison is made.

Positive Degree Positive degree - this form is used when you compare two persons

Positive Degree Positive degree - this form is used when you compare two persons with the same quality. Using the formula: S+ Verb+as+Adjective+as+ Complement Examples 1. Luis is as tall as Roy 2. The blue car is as exspensive as the black

Comparative Degree • Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects

Comparative Degree • Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared, in this pattern: Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object). The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example below)

Comparative Degree • One-syllable adjectives. • Form the comparative and superlative forms of a

Comparative Degree • One-syllable adjectives. • Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative. One-syllable adjective Comparative degree Superlative Degree taller tallest older oldest longer longest

Comparative Degree • Two-or more syllables adjectives. With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the

Comparative Degree • Two-or more syllables adjectives. With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most. Two/more syllable adjectives Comparative Degree Superlative Degree careful More careful Most careful peaceful More peaceful Most peaceful careless More careless Most careless

Comparative Degree • • • Examples My house is larger than hers. This box

Comparative Degree • • • Examples My house is larger than hers. This box is smaller than the one I lost. Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog. The rock flew higher than the roof.

Comparative Degree A superlative is the highest attainable level or degree of something. And

Comparative Degree A superlative is the highest attainable level or degree of something. And Superlative degree id used to compare three or more things with unequality Formula: S+verb+superlative adjective+of/among+Complement Examples 1. My brother is the shortest in my family 2. He is the most dilligent student in my class

Asessment Exercise • Complete the following sentences using the correct degree of the adjective

Asessment Exercise • Complete the following sentences using the correct degree of the adjective given in the brackets. • 1. My brother’s handwriting is …………. . (bad) mine. • 2. Health is …………. . wealth. (important) • 3. Blood is ………… water. (thick) • 4. Everest is …………. . peak in the world. (high) • 5. This is …………. play I have ever heard on the radio. (interesting) • 6. Susie is ……………. of all the four sisters. (beautiful) • 7. The planet Mars is …………. from the earth than the satellite Moon. (far) • 8. The elephant is …………………. . animal in the world. (large) • 9. An ocean is certainly …………… a sea. (big) • 10. I am ………… in cricket than in football. (interested)

PERTEMUAN 9 INFINITIVE AND GERUND

PERTEMUAN 9 INFINITIVE AND GERUND

Highlight • • • Gerund as Subject Gerund as complement Gerund as Object Gerund

Highlight • • • Gerund as Subject Gerund as complement Gerund as Object Gerund as object of preposition Infinitive as subject Infinitive as object Infinitive as complemet Infinitive as adjective Infinitive as adverb

Gerund and Present Participle A gerund is a noun made from a verb by

Gerund and Present Participle A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing. " The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading. “ The gerund looks exactly the same as a present participle, but it is useful to understand the difference between the two Gerunds function as nouns while present participle acts as modifier

Gerund’s Function The function of Gerund : a. As the subject Example : 1.

Gerund’s Function The function of Gerund : a. As the subject Example : 1. Cooking is a good hobby 2. Swimming makes us healthy 3. Driving a car isn’t easy 4. Playing tennis is fun

Gerund as object b. As the Object 1) Object the verb: Example : 1.

Gerund as object b. As the Object 1) Object the verb: Example : 1. I don’t like smoking 2. We enjoy playing tennis 3. They don’t mind coming to the party

Gerund as object of preposition c. The object of the preposition Example : 1.

Gerund as object of preposition c. The object of the preposition Example : 1. We talked about going to Canada for our vacation 2. I’m interested in learning more about your work 3. Ali goes on speaking in the class 4. I’m used to sleeping with the window open Negative form of a gerund : not precedes a gerund Example : We talked about not going to the meeting, but finally decided we should go

Gerund as Complement d. As the complement : Example : 1. My hobby is

Gerund as Complement d. As the complement : Example : 1. My hobby is drawing 2. What he wants is playing tennis. 3. My hobby is swimming Gerund as complement always was despised after to be (am, Is, are, was, were)

Infinitives The infinitive is the base form of a verb or the basic form

Infinitives The infinitive is the base form of a verb or the basic form of a verb. The functions of infinitive 1. Infinitive as Subject 2. Infinitive as Object 3. Infinitive as Complement 4. Infinitive as Adjective 5. Infinitive as Adverb

Uses of Infinitives 1. Subject An infinitive can constitute the subject of a sentence.

Uses of Infinitives 1. Subject An infinitive can constitute the subject of a sentence. For example, in “To go, even after all that trouble, didn’t seem worthwhile anymore, ” “to go” is the action that drives the sentence. Examples - To travel in this season is a bad idea - To suvive in this city is my hope

Uses of Infinitives 2. Direct Object In the sentence “We all want to see,

Uses of Infinitives 2. Direct Object In the sentence “We all want to see, ” “to see” is the direct object, the noun (or noun substitute) that receives the action of the verb. “To see” refers to a thing being done — or, in this case, desired to be done: the act of seeing. Examples -He wants to come tomorrow -The children learn to write letters -They came to visit their friend

Uses of Infinitives 3. Subject Complement In “My goal is to write, ” “to

Uses of Infinitives 3. Subject Complement In “My goal is to write, ” “to write” is the subject complement. A subject complement looks just like a direct object, but the difference is in the type of verb preceding it. The verb in the previous example, want, is a transitive verb. (Transitive verbs have two defining characteristics: They precede a direct object, and they express an action. ) Examples -His dream is to win the tender -The decision was to extend the deadline by three months.

Uses of Infinitives 4. Adjective In “She didn’t have permission to go, ” “to

Uses of Infinitives 4. Adjective In “She didn’t have permission to go, ” “to go” modifies permission — it describes what type of permission is being discussed — so the phrase serves as an adjective. Examples -It is the wrong way to ask a question -The best time to talk to him is at night

Uses of Infinitives 5. Adverb In “He took the psychology class to try to

Uses of Infinitives 5. Adverb In “He took the psychology class to try to understand human behavior, ” “to understand (human behavior)” explains why the taking of the class occurred, so it’s an adverb modifying the verb took. Examples -To watch the movie, you must buy a ticket. -Jack Jones returned to recuperate from the heart attack.

Asessment Form sentences into Gerund and Infinitive as subject, object and subject complement

Asessment Form sentences into Gerund and Infinitive as subject, object and subject complement

PERTEMUAN 10 CONDITIONAL IF

PERTEMUAN 10 CONDITIONAL IF

Highlight • • • Zero Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Mix type

Highlight • • • Zero Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Mix type

Conditional If Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might

Conditional If Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past”

Zero Conditional • 1. The zero conditional • The zero conditional is used for

Zero Conditional • 1. The zero conditional • The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning. If clause + Main clause If + simple present

Zero Conditional Examples • If this thing happens that thing happens. • If you

Zero Conditional Examples • If this thing happens that thing happens. • If you heat ice it melts. • If it rains the grass gets wet. • If you dry fruits or vegetables, they lose their nutrient and calorie.

Conditional Type 1 • Type 1 conditional • The type 1 conditional is used

Conditional Type 1 • Type 1 conditional • The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future. • If clause + Main clause • If + simple present + simple future

Conditional Type 1 Examples • If this thing happens that thing will happen. •

Conditional Type 1 Examples • If this thing happens that thing will happen. • If you don't hurry you will miss the train. • If it rains today you will get wet. • If the bell rings, I’ll go home.

Conditional Type 2 • Type 2 conditional • The type 2 conditional is used

Conditional Type 2 • Type 2 conditional • The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional. • If clause + Main clause • If + simple past present conditional or present continuous conditional

Conditional Type 2 Examples • If you went to bed earlier you would not

Conditional Type 2 Examples • If you went to bed earlier you would not be so tired. • If it rained you would get wet. • If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy. • If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.

Conditional Type 3 • Type 3 conditional • The type 3 conditional is used

Conditional Type 3 • Type 3 conditional • The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional. • If clause + Main clause • If + past perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional

Conditional Type 3 Examples • If you had studied harder you would have passed

Conditional Type 3 Examples • If you had studied harder you would have passed the exam. • If it had rained you would have gotten wet. • If I had accepted that promotion I would have been working in Milan. • If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.

Mixed Type of Conditional • Mixed type conditional • The mixed type conditional is

Mixed Type of Conditional • Mixed type conditional • The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional. • If clause + Main clause • If + past perfect or simple past present conditional or perfect conditional

Mixed Type of Conditional Examples • If I had worked harder at school I

Mixed Type of Conditional Examples • If I had worked harder at school I would have a better job now. • If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost. • If you weren't afraid of spiders you would have picked it up and put it outside. • If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.

Asessment Exercise 1. If it (rain), I'll wear a raincoat. 2. If we (take)

Asessment Exercise 1. If it (rain), I'll wear a raincoat. 2. If we (take) enough water, we wouldn't have been thirsty. 3. If the children (be) older, they would go to the party. 4. Harry (fly) to Helsinki if he had more money. 5. If I (be) you I would keep the secret. 6. Ron would understand more if the teacher (speak) clearly. 7. If Doris (get up) earlier, she wouldn't have been late for school. 8. If it (be) so late, I would go shopping. 9. Henry would have phoned his mother if he (not text) her. 10. I would buy a Ferrari if I had a lot of money.

PERTEMUAN 11 PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND PAST PARTICIPLE

PERTEMUAN 11 PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND PAST PARTICIPLE

Highlight • Participles • Present Participle • Past Participle

Highlight • Participles • Present Participle • Past Participle

Participle A participle is a word formed from a verb which can be used

Participle A participle is a word formed from a verb which can be used as an adjective. The three types of participles are the present participle (ending ing), the past participle (usually ending -ed, -t, -en, or -n). And Perfect Participle (the word Having + Past Participle) The Verb The Past Participle The Present Participle To rise the risen sun the rising sun To boil the boiled water the boiling water To break the broken news the breaking news

Present Participle • Present participle • The present participle is often used when we

Present Participle • Present participle • The present participle is often used when we want to express an active action. In English we add -ing to the infinitive of the verb. • This non-finite verb can be recognized from its -ing ending (e. g. eating, playing, singing, studying, sleeping). However, this fact alone is not enough to recognize it for sure, because the gerund also has the same ending. • A present participle does the work of an adjective, but a gerund does the work of a noun.

Present Participle • I enjoy singing. ('singing' is the object of the verb 'enjoy'

Present Participle • I enjoy singing. ('singing' is the object of the verb 'enjoy' - being an object of a verb is the mark of a noun - therefore, 'singing' is a gerund. ) • She is a singing girl. ('singing' describes the noun 'girl' - describing a noun is the function of an adjective - therefore 'singing' is a participle. )

Present Participle • Present Participle as Adjective in front of a noun Poirot solved

Present Participle • Present Participle as Adjective in front of a noun Poirot solved the puzzling mystery. (modifies “mystery”) The smell of burning leaves stirs memories of my childhood. (modifies “leaves”)

Present Participle • after a verb of perception They heard someone screaming. (modifies “someone”)

Present Participle • after a verb of perception They heard someone screaming. (modifies “someone”) The woman watched the cat creeping toward the bird. (modifies “cat”) I saw my friend running down the street • with the verbs spend and waste Don’t waste your time trying to convince him he’s mistaken. (modifies understood subject “You. ”) The inefficient blogger spent her entire afternoon researching and writing one post. (modify the subject “blogger”)

Past Participle A past participle indicates past or completed action or time. It is

Past Participle A past participle indicates past or completed action or time. It is often called the 'ed' form as it is formed by adding d or ed, to the base form of regular verbs, however it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs. Past Participle is considered to be third form of verb. the past participle usually has a passive meaning. Examples The survey revealed some worrying results. (present participle) The wind was blowing through the broken living room window. (past participle)Examples

Past participle • Past Participles as adjectives Past Participles can also be used like

Past participle • Past Participles as adjectives Past Participles can also be used like an adjective in front of a noun: Examples The stolen baby was found by the police unharmed. Dean's broken arm was set in plaster by the doctor at the hospital. Please bring all of the required documents for your interview tomorrow.

Past Participle • When used as an adjective, the past participle has a passive

Past Participle • When used as an adjective, the past participle has a passive meaning. A burnt child = a child who is burnt. A painted doll = a doll which is painted.

Asessment • • • 1. chase 2. land 3. shake 4. come 5. look

Asessment • • • 1. chase 2. land 3. shake 4. come 5. look at 11 redecorate 6. sing 7. knock 8. ring 9. take off 10 revise • • • 1. When I was downtown yesterday, I saw the police …. a thief. 1 2. There was an earthquake in my hometown last year. It was just a small one, but I could feel the ground… 3 3. Polly was working in her garden, so she didn’t hear the phone… 8 4. I like to listen to the birds …when I get up early in the morning. 6 5. The guard observed a suspicious-looking person…into the bank. 4 6. I was almost asleep last night when I suddenly heard someone…on the door. 7 7. Did you notice Max …another student’s paper during the exam? 5 8. While I was waiting for my plane, I watched other planes …. . . and. . . . 9. I've spent the whole weekend. . . for my exam. 10. Did you spend a lot of money. . your apartment?

PERTEMUAN 12 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT TENSE

PERTEMUAN 12 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT TENSE

Highlight • Present Perfect Tense • Past Perfect Tense • Asessment

Highlight • Present Perfect Tense • Past Perfect Tense • Asessment

Present Perfect The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb

Present Perfect The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past participle of a verb • the present perfect tense is used 1. for something that started in the past and continues in the present: Examples They’ve been married for nearly fifty years. She has lived in Liverpool all her life. S+have/has+past participle/been+Complement

Present perfect 2. For something that happened in the past but is important at

Present perfect 2. For something that happened in the past but is important at the time of speaking: Examples I can’t get in the house. I’ve lost my keys. Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping. I’m tired out. I’ve been working all day.

Present Perfect • For something we have done several times in the past and

Present Perfect • For something we have done several times in the past and continue to do Examples • I’ve played the guitar ever since I was a teenager. He has written three books and he is working on another one

Past perfect • Past perfect tense is used. 1. A completed action before something

Past perfect • Past perfect tense is used. 1. A completed action before something else in the past. When we arrived, the film had started. (= first the film started, then later we arrived) Susan had ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. 2. To explain or give a reason for something in the past. I'd eaten dinner so I wasn't hungry. It had snowed in the night, so the bus didn't arrive. I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet

Past Perfect 3. Something that started in the past and continued up to another

Past Perfect 3. Something that started in the past and continued up to another action in the past. Examples When he graduated, he had been in London for six years. When I arrived at the office this morning, I discovered that I had left my computer on the night before.

Asessment Exercises 1. When I arrived home last night, Jane (prepare) a beautiful candlelight

Asessment Exercises 1. When I arrived home last night, Jane (prepare) a beautiful candlelight dinner. 2. It is already 9: 30 PM and I (wait) here for over an hour. If John does not get here in the next five minutes, I am going to leave. 3. Sarah (climb) the Matterhorn, (sail) around the world, She is such an adventurous person. 4. My best friend and I (know) each other for over fifteen years 5. How sad! George (dream) of going to California before he died 6. I (visit, never) Africa, but I (travel) to South America several times. 7. I (lose) my keys - can you help me look for them? . 8. She (live) in London since 1994. 9. Before my trip lo Paris two years ago, I ---- (never be) to France. 10. You look tired. How long ---- (run)?

PERTEMUAN 13 SIMPLE PAST TENSE AND PREFERENCES

PERTEMUAN 13 SIMPLE PAST TENSE AND PREFERENCES

Highlight • • • Simple Past Tense Prefer Would rather Would prefer to Like

Highlight • • • Simple Past Tense Prefer Would rather Would prefer to Like Had better

Asessment • The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in

Asessment • The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past. • Examples • John Cabot sailed to America in 1498. • My father died last year. • He lived in Fiji in 1976. • We crossed the Channel yesterday.

Simple Past Tense Verbal • • Forming the Simple Past Tense Patterns of simple

Simple Past Tense Verbal • • Forming the Simple Past Tense Patterns of simple past tense for regular verbs Affirmative Subject + verb + ed ( I skipped. ) Negative Subject + did not + infinitive without to (They didn't go. ) Interrogative Did + subject + infinitive without to (Did she arrive? )

Simple Past Tense Simple past tense of to be I She was He it

Simple Past Tense Simple past tense of to be I She was He it you We were they

Simple past Nominal • • Forming the Simple Past Tense Patterns of simple past

Simple past Nominal • • Forming the Simple Past Tense Patterns of simple past tense for nominal Affirmative Subject +was/were +Complement (she was in Jakarta) Negative Subject +was/were +not +Complement (she was not in Jakarta) Interrogative Was/were +S +Complement ? (was she in Jakarta? )

Prefer • 1. Prefer formula Prefer + to infinitive • Prefer + nouns +

Prefer • 1. Prefer formula Prefer + to infinitive • Prefer + nouns + to + nouns • Prefer + V-ing + to + V-ing • examples They prefer to stay home • My mother prefers lemon to orange juice • She prefers swimming to dancing

Would Rather • 2. Would rather formula Would rather + bare infinitives (kata kerja

Would Rather • 2. Would rather formula Would rather + bare infinitives (kata kerja tanpa to) Would rather + bare infinitives + than + bare infinitives Would rather + bare infinitives + nouns + than + bare infinitives + nouns Examples I would rather study now She would rather stay home than go shopping You'd rather speak English than French

Would prefer to • 3. Would prefer to formula Would prefer + to infinitives

Would prefer to • 3. Would prefer to formula Would prefer + to infinitives + rather than + bare infinitives Would prefer + to infinitives + nouns + rather than + bare infinitives + nouns Examples They would prefer to sing rather than dance. You'd prefer to play ball rather than take a sleep.

like • 4. Like formula Like + nouns / V-ing + better than +

like • 4. Like formula Like + nouns / V-ing + better than + nouns / V-ing Examples I like singing a song better than playing a guitar I like coffee better than tea.

Had better • 5. Had better formula Had better + bare infinitives Had better

Had better • 5. Had better formula Had better + bare infinitives Had better + not + bare infinitives Examples You had better study hard You had better not work on Sundays

Asessment 1. 2. 3. 4. CHANGE TO OTHER FORMS OF PREFERENCE I prefer studying

Asessment 1. 2. 3. 4. CHANGE TO OTHER FORMS OF PREFERENCE I prefer studying English to Korean. I like …… better than ……………. I would rather ……… than ……… I would prefer ……… rather than …. . I prefer reading English books to Korean books. I like …… better than ……………. I would rather ……… than ……… I would prefer ……… rather than …. . I prefer driving a car to riding a motorcycle. I like ……. better than ……………. I would rather ……… than ……… I would prefer ……… rather than …. . I prefer singing English songs to Korean songs. I like …… better than ……………. I would rather ……… than ……… I would prefer ……… rather than …. .

PERTEMUAN 14 UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER

PERTEMUAN 14 UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER