Outline of Chapter 10 Language Change Phonological Change

Outline of Chapter 10: Language Change Phonological Change Morphological Change Syntactic Change Lexical Change New Words Loan Words Semantic Change Broadening Narrowing Meaning Shift 503 506 508 510 511 512 515 516

History of English Old English 449 -1066 449 Saxons invade Britain 6 th c Religious literature 8 th c Beowulf 1066 Norman Conquest Middle English 1066 -1500 1387 Canterbury Tales 1476 Caxton’s printing press 1500 Great vowel shift Modern English 15001564 Birth of Shakespeare Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 500.

Regular Sound Correspondence English /f/ father fish (patrimony) (piscine) French /p/ père poisson Spanish /p/ padre pescado Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 502.

Regular Sound Correspondence Indo-European /p/ Latin /p/ Proto-Germanic /f/ French /p/ Spanish /p/ English /f/ poisson pescado fish German /f/ F Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 502.

Historical Phonological Change Old/Modern English ADD New Sounds leisure azure over (ofer) [ ] [v] LOSE Old Sounds night drought [n xt] [druxt] CHANGE Old Sounds elk (eolh) hollow (holh) house feet [ lx] [h lx] [u: ] [e: ] [ lk] [h lo] [a ] [i] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 503.

Modern English Morphological Endings INFLECTIONS (Only eight left) Vs Ns Aer Ving N’s Aest Ved (Ns’) Ven NO GENDER

Modern English Morphological Endings CASE ENDINGS Disappeared EXCEPT: Genitive ’s EXCEPT: Pronouns I you he she it we they me you him her it us them my your his her its our their mine yours his hers its ours theirs

Irregular Native English Words (brother) child foot goose louse man mouse ox tooth woman

OLD ENGLISH NOUN DECLENSIONS hound child foot ox Singular Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat. hundes hunde cildes cilde f 8 tes f 4 t oxan Plural N. -Ac. hundas Gen. hunda Dat. hundum cildru cildra cildrum f 4 t f 8 ta f 8 tum oxan oxena oxum The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.

OLD ENGLISH VERB FORMS-1 INF keep buy carry end have say PRET c 4 pan bycgan ferian endian habban secgan PAST c 4 pte bohte ferede endode h. Qfde s. Qgde PARTIC gec 4 ped geboht gefered geendod geh. Qfd ges. Qgd The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.

OLD ENGLISH VERB FORMS-1 keep I you(sg) he, she, it we, you(pl), they Present-Subjunctive singular plural Imperative singular c 4 p plural helpa. D help Present-Indicative c 4 pest c 4 pe. D c 4 pa. D hilpst c 4 pen helpe hilp. D(( helpa. D helpen help c 4 pa. D The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.

Infinitive c 4 pan helpan t 8 c 4 pennet 8 helpenne Present-Participle c 4 pende helpende Preterit-Indicative I c 4 pte you(sg) c 4 ptest he, she, it c 4 pte we, you(pl), they c 4 pton healp hulpe healp hulpon Preterit-Subjunctive singular c 4 pte plural c 4 pten hulpen Past Participle gec 4 ped geholpen The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.

Old English, Middle English, and Modern English Verb Forms OLD MIDDLE ENGLISH MODERN ENGLISH findan finden find infinitive fundon f 8[nde(n) found pret. pl. funden f 8[nde(n) found past part. The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.

Modern English Verb keep he, she, it OTHER Present-Indicative keeps keep Present-Subjunctive ALL keep Imperative Infinitive Present-Participle keep helps help keep help To keep to help keeping helping Preterit-Indicative / Subjunctive, Past Part. kept helped

Etymology of Nag nag: < Scandinavian (as in Swedish nagga, obsolete Danish nagge, to nibble, gnaw, nag) < Old Norse gnaga; for Indo-European base see GNAW; for sense development see FRET 1 Webster’s New World College Dictionary, third edition. Victoria Neufeldt, editor in chief. New York: Macmillan, 1997.

Sources of New Words Derivation Compounding Acronyms Back-formation Clipping / Abbreviations Eponyms (words from names) Blends Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 511.

Lexical Change Borrowings 20, 000 most common 500 most common Tokens in running text Native English 40% 71% 80% Foreign Source 60% 29% New Words Chapter 3: Morphology Loss of Words Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 512.

Uncommon Words in Modern English fain wot wherefore beseem mammet gyve gladly know why to be suitable doll or puppet a fetter Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 515.

Semantic Change Broadening of Meaning dog specific breed holiday only religious days picture only painted Narrowing of Meaning meat food deer animal hound any dog Meaning Shifts knight young man lust pleasure lewd ignorant silly happy fond foolish Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, pp. 515 -516.

Comparative Method of Reconstruction French cher champ chandelle Italian caro campo chandela Spanish caro campo candela Portuguese caro ‘dear’ campo ‘field’ candeia ‘candle’ [k] [m] [p] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 521.

Four Hypothetical Languages Lang A hono hari rahima hor Lang B hono hari rahima hor Lang C fono fari rafima for Lang D vono veli levima vol Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 521.

Three Chinese Dialects Mandarin Cantonese 1 /i/ / j t / 2 / / /i/ 3 / san / / sa: m / 4 / sz / / sei / 5 / wu / / / 6 / l ou / / lok / 7 / t i / / t s t / 8 / pa / / pa: t / 9 / t ou / / kau / 10 / r // s p / / tsap / Taiwanese / dzit / / n / / sã / / si / / g / / lak / / t sit / / pue / / kau / These are not official IPA spellings. Only a limited font was available. The transcriptions may also be inaccurate because of faulty hearing.

Zhuang and Chinese Words Cung go Zhongguo Yin min Ren min Yan man Yinhang ha gak Wu jiao gok ha cib maen Wu shi yuan sap man

Chapter 11 Homework (Exercise 3, pp. 538 -539) a. It nothing pleased his master Nothing pleased his master b. He hath said that we would lift them whom that him please. He has said that we would lift those who please him. c. I have a brother is condemned to die. I have a brother who is condemned to die. d. I bade them take away you. I asked them to take you away. e. I wish you was still more a Tartar. I wish you were even more of a Tartar. I wish even more that you were a Tartar. f. Christ slept and his apostles did too. Christ and his apostles slept. g. Me was told. I was told.

Chapter 11 Homework (Exercise 5, p. 540) a. False ‘thing’ / k / before / a / in Latin becomes French / / b. True ‘tail’ Otherwise we might have expected / / c. False There are NO examples of / s / and /k/ in complementary distribution. d. True Latin / kertus / We have two examples of Latin words with / ke / (‘deer’ and ‘hundred’) that become / s /

(A) Original Language Today’s Languages

(B) Original Languages Today’s Languages Source(s) of Today’s Languages Adapted from David Crystal. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 291.

In Search of the First Language Nova Series Overview / Table of Contents Introduction to Historical Linguistics Comparative Method Indo-European languages Interlude Sino-Tibetan languages African languages Native American languages Language Isolates Language Change Nostratic Evolution of Language Conclusion